Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Krosno Odrzańskie jako strategiczny punkt obrony zachodnich rubieży Polski średniowiecznej

100%

Knyspel-Kopec R.

Rocznik Lubuski

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2009

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tom 35

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nr 2

215-224

EN

The earliest mention of Krosno preserved in writing, dated 1005, speaks of a great army which crossed a bridgehead on the bank of the Odra (Oder) river near Krosno, in an attempt to subdue it. From the description of the chronicler, Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, who witnessed those events, we learn that the king Boleslaw Chrobry (Boleslaw the Brave), having fortified the shore of the Odra (Oder) river, settled with his large army near Krosno, making it difficult for the German king Henry to get across. The settlement of Krosno since the first Piast rulers was forced to defend itself against the invasions of Germans. Since its foundation, it was assigned strategic importance due to the topography of the area, especially the surrounding rivers. As a result, Krosno Odrzanskie was classified as one of the most important fortresses in the west and was considered a Polish state fortress. In medieval times, the city played a significant role in the defence system of the Polish western border. However, raising Krosno Odrzanskie to the rank of a castellany influenced the development of economic and defensive functions of the city. These were mirrored in a fortified castle from the first half of the 13th century, which was one of the main residences of the rulers of Silesia.

2

THE SILESIAN HOME. CANONS OF BEAUTY, SPACES OF CONTACT, THE PASSAGE OF TIME (Dom slaski. Kanony piekna, przestrzenie kontaktu, przemijanie)

100%

Lipok-Bierwiaczonek M.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2010

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tom 64

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nr 2-3(289-290)

68-73

EN

The Silesian landscape is often identified with steel mill chimneys, mine shafts and red brick housing estates. All these elements are branded with specific decline - they bring to mind the past, the history of the development of Silesian industry, capitalist industrialisation from the turn of the nineteenth century as well as its socialist counterpart from the time of the six-year plan and the subsequent period. The discussed examples of three workers' housing estates (Giszowiec, Nikiszowiec and Murcki) make it possible to understand the phenomenon of moulding socio-cultural communities - strongly integrated, living according to identical models, observing the same rhythm of daily life and celebrating the same cycle of festivities. First and foremost, these were communities associated with a single employer-patron. Contemporary redesigning as a rule obliterates the character of the described houses and estates, as exemplified by the loss of the lauba and, as a consequence, a socially important space of contact. The spirit of the Silesian home is retained more in the people, their stories, family histories, manner of perceiving the world and the cherished system of values.

3

Gmach poczty we Wrocławiu-Leśnicy jako siedziba urzędu państwowego Rzeszy w latach 1894-1929

80%

Gruk W.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 3

67–87

EN

The article concerns the conditions surrounding the Post Office building in Leśnica, in the suburbs of Wrocław (currently a part of Wrocław) erected in 1894-1896 then enlarged in 1928-1929 in context of the development of Post Office construction throughout the German Reich, which from the architectural standpoint and concerning building size was highly standardised throughout the state. Using materials from the archives the decision-making process concerning the construction, reconstruction, expansion and normal use of the building was recreated. There were also attempts to establish to what extent the building in question met with standards of the time whereas the functional, aesthetic and ideological aspects were concerned. Whereas the functional aspect was concerned the issue was of topographical localisation within the city, as well as how its size and chamber configuration suited the required use. Whereas the aesthetic and ideological issues were concerned there was a problem of conforming the building to the style forms befitting both the statue of a government building and the surrounding architecture of elegant manors. The issue was resolved due to analysis of relevant iconographic frames and communication with Post Offices of Leśnica and well-known Post Office construction architects from Wrocław and Berlin as well as Eduard Freytag, a private investor and constructor. Resulting from these actions was a building project which was a model example of Post Office architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

4

INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN SILESIA (FROM THE RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ARRANGED BY THE SILESIAN INSTITUTE OF SZM IN OPAVA)

80%

Šrajerová O.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2017

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tom 20

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nr 1

-

EN

Silesia has never constituted a consistent and stable state or territorial administrative unit; it has been a traditional object of international and inter-state relations, a subject of international confrontation. The ethnic mixture of the area anticipates the relations of people of different ethnic groups in various life situations at different levels - personal relations in everyday life in the families, relations with friends and neighbours, inter-group relations at the working process with the colleagues, relations at cultural, social and leisure activities. The study examines interethnic relations in the ethnically mixed area of Czech Silesia. It introduces the ethnic composition of the researched region in the past and in the present. We were interested in the national composition of both the respondents of our survey and their families. The study also tracks the cultural and social life of Silesian citizens of different nationalities. The main attention is paid to the issues of interethnic relations between the citizens of different nationalities, mostly to the relation between the Czech majority and the ethnic minorities – Polish and Slovak. We can investigate the contacts between the people of different nationalities at various levels – families, friends, neighbours, workplace, etc. Vast majority of the surveyed inhabitants of Silesia were not only aware of the ethnic heterogeneity of the region they lived in and oriented themselves well in it, but they had quite a tolerant approach to it, they did not mind it and, on the contrary, they considered it as a significant enriching aspect. Generally, based on the research findings, we can conclude that Silesia, as an ethnically mixed region, is very interesting for its complexity of interethnic relations, so we can investigate the contact between people of different nationalities at various levels – families, friends, neighbours, and workplace. The co-existence of people of different nationalities conditions the formation of the relations of the local inhabitants to their region and to the issues associated with the above-mentioned co-existence. Our research revealed that the people from Silesia are able to accept and to reflect the fact that they live in an ethnically mixed area and the extent, into which they accept the inhabitants of different nationalities, seems to be a significant aspect of the interethnic relations.

5

Sztuka i rzemiosło artystyczne na Śląsku w latach 1526-1740 jako czynniki spajające i dezintegrujące region w dobie nowożytnej

80%

Oszczanowski P.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

|

nr 2

109–127

EN

The issue of Silesian art is a methodological matter, one which the scholars are studying for nearly a century. Results of research reinforce the belief that Silesian art – especially at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, as well as in the Baroque – formed distinct qualities determining it’s unconventional worth, allowing it to be included with the artistic achievements of the continent. An attempt to answer which factors shaped the identity of the early modern Silesian art leads to two groups of factors, specifically cohesive and disruptive. Among the cohesive factors are historical events, the Catholic-Lutheran conflict, which, in Silesia lasted all through the Early Modern Period. Also of importance was the tradition of the Middle Ages and the availability of materials used by local artists (e.g. glass, sandstone). Among these works of particular importance are the workshops creating for the Cistercian monasteries (in Lubiąż, Krzeszów, Henryków, and Trzebnica). This resulted in the creation of a distinct mystic trend. It was associated with the development of Silesian iconographical tradition, e.g. in the local portrayal of saints and religious imagery. Among the factors disruptive to the artistic identity of Silesia is being a part of common artistic tradition (the western civilisation) and ideological (Christianity). This led to universal content of both lay and religious artworks. Silesia’s location at the hub of many transportation routes as well as on the border between two large states made it an area, which “absorbed” external influence. Silesian art became a universal „product” due to its dependence on external sources, rules imposed by a specific monastic order as well as rules of the authorities.

6

Losy chłopskiej rodziny Lipów ze Śląska Cieszyńskiego do 1918 roku i jej droga do polskiej narodowości

80%

Morys-Twarowski M.

Świat i Słowo

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2011

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tom Świat i Słowo 2011, nr 1 (16)

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nr Świat i Słowo 2012 nr 2 (17)

117-130

EN

The Lipa family was a catholic peasant family from Cieszyn, Silesia. Its progenitor was Grzegorz Lipa (d. 1738), the owner of the land in Kalembice near Cieszyn. The later owners of this land were his son Jan (d. 1743/1745), his grandson Jakub (d. after 1771) and his great-grandson Adam (1767-1835), who was also a village leader (wójt) of Kalembice. Adam (1802-1882), the son of Adam, settled down in Bobrek. His sons, despite different lifestyles, identified themselves with Polish culture. Paweł (1846-1917) spent most of his life outside his country. He was a Major General in the Austro-Hungarian Army. However, he was not ashamed of his roots and spoke good Polish. After retirement he settled down in Cieszyn. Franciszek (1848-1936) lived in Bobrek near Cieszyn. He was a Polish social and national activist, and a member of Polish organisations: the Duchy of Cieszyn Motherland Schools (Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego) and the Union of Silesian Catholics (Związek Śląskich Katolików). By defending their language identities they became members of community whose history is connected not with the Duchy of Cieszyn but with neighbouring country, the Polish-Lithunian Commonwealth.

7

SPACE AS A PLACE OF REMEMBERANCE. THE QUESTION OF HOMAGES PAID BY SILESIAN DUKES TO THE BOHEMIAN KINGS (Przestrzen jako miejsce pamieci. W sprawie holdów ksiazat slaskich skladanych wladcom czeskim)

80%

Capsky M.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2011

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tom 66

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nr 2

3-14

EN

Places where Silesian dukes paid their homages to the Bohemian kings became an issue of controversy in the middle of 15th century. The council of the city of Wroclaw (Vratislav, Breslau) discussed the issue several times. The aldermen promoted their opinion that oaths of allegiance should be always sworn on the territory where swearing dukes ruled. This interpretation was broadened to whole Silesia. Earlier a place of homage was not so important. Usually dukes visited the king's court and their journeys itself were part of the ceremony of asking for a fief. The oldest act of taking of the collective oath of allegiance did not concerned Wroclaw, but Swidnica (Svidnice, Schweidnitz), where Sigismund of Luxembourg demanded the homage in 1420. Only in 1438 Silesian dukes swore their collective oath in Wroclaw. For aldermen of Wroclaw it was, however, a binding precedent. This interpretation was accepted by dukes themselves at the end of 15th century. Therefore in 1498 Silesian dukes, as representatives of a particular political area, demanded the king Vladislav Jagiellon to come to Wroclaw and to accept their homage just there.

8

Destrukcyjne czy spajające region? Grupy społeczne na średniowiecznym Śląsku w kontekście aktywności politycznej (czwarta ćwierć XII-XV w.)

80%

Wiszewski P.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

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tom 67

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nr 4

103–138

EN

Activities of social groups, which cause relations between the people of a society, constitute a crucial aspect of a given region’s nature. Did the political and social elite of the Oder region area (Nadodrze), in the time from the latter part of the 12th century until the latter part of the 15th century, take intentionally coordinated, mutually agreed upon actions. Or, after being forced by external factors to take such actions, did they continue to coordinate their activities after external factors ceased to be operative. Yet another question is, did the members of this political elite consider in their activities the notion of a unified, territorial unit called “Silesia”? Various political activities of the Nadodrze elite in the Middle Ages makes establishing a unified model of the formation of regional unity unfeasible. Activities undertaken by the dukes maintained the awareness of Silesia’s unity despite their, and their entourage’s, tendencies to focus on the importance of these small duchies. The dukes focused their activities, via conventions and confederations, towards building community awareness, combining thus far separate elites of individual duchies, especially the society of southern and middle part of Nadodrze. Despite the extended cooperation on various issues, which extended beyond the borders of specific duchies, in the latter part of the 14th and early 15th centuries, separatist tendencies were still extant. Silesian society, forged through political activities of its elite was by nature a network, which reacted dynamically to influences from its surroundings. The structure hardened sometimes, although its members valued locality at least as high as their regional identity.

9

Charakterystyka geograficzna Śląska

80%

Kosmala G.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

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tom 67

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nr 4

7–30

EN

This article contains basic geographical information about Silesia, useful as a starting point for further historical analysis. Silesia is a region of Central Europe, located on boarders between nations. At different points in its history it used to be a part of Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Poland. The rough outline of the shape of Silesia was formed in the Paleozoic Era, finally reaching its ultimate form in the Cenozoic Era. Same holds true for both the Sudeten Mountains as well as the entire tectonic foreland, which was shaped by a glacier. Silesian land always was, and still is, rich in mineral resources, such as: building rocks, coal, and copper. Only some of which can be found in abundance. The shape of the terrain results from the overall structure of the hydrographical network which, with the exception of the eastern frontiers, is symmetrical, with the river Oder, which flows from the southeast to the northwest, being the axis of symmetry. Reservoirs have been built upon many rivers for both energy related and retention purposes. Due to utter and complete lack of lakes these reservoirs are the largest bodies of water in Silesia. Temperate, transitory climate with an annual average of 600-700 mm of rainfall and average annual temperature of 8 ºC results in conditions favourable for plant vegetation. Considering the abundance of fertile land one can easily understand why the agricultural scenery dominates the landscape. This, along with the development of industry at the base of the Sudeten Mountains, as well as the south-eastern part of Upper Silesia, constitutes the reason for the comparatively small amount of woodland areas. Silesia is an area heavily altered by human activity. The dominant landscape is culturally harmonious, with the exception of industrial districts, which often are the sight of more long-lasting changes, which are often irreversible.

10

Melancholijne pejzaże Śląska

80%

Dutka E.

Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze

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2012

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tom 3

79-96

EN

The analysis juxtaposes Fotografie ze Śląska by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz with Andrzej Stasiuk's brief literary sketch I tak to się kiedyś wszystko skończy. By comparing such dissimilar texts, the author draws attention to the modes of representing industrial and postindustrial space when seen from a certain distance by writers who are unconnected to the region described. Comparative analysis reveals, however, not only differences but also surprising similarities. The texts interpreted share the conviction of a particular "photogenity" and melancholy of Silesian landscapes.

11

MEDIEVAL PILGRIMAGES OF THE INHABITANTS OF SILESIA

80%

Wachowski K.

Archeologia Polski

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2005

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tom 50

|

nr 1-2

103-128

EN

Recent archaeological excavations have yielded new evidence of pilgrim signs from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. In Silesia, the most popular images were those of pilgrims from the Legend of St. Hedwig. The earliest scallop shell, which is to some extent a natural sign of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela was discovered at several sites in central Poland and the coastal region. Metal pilgrim signs originated mainly from Wroclaw: a plaques from Rome and Cologne. Signs of St. Stanislaus also occurred in Kraków, in Bohemia and Moravia. Small plaques incorporated into vessels of the 'Hansekanne' type, made of tin, are considered as pilgrim signs. In the pilgrimage movement monasteries were engaged in the manufacture of a variety of devotional items and utensils. A mass find of clay pilgrim bottles was made at Trzebnica. Clay and metal pilgrim bottles and a clay horn were discovered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Wrocław was also the site of a mass find of clay figurines. Czestochowa has been an extremely important pilgrimage center in Polish consciousness ever since the beginning of the Modern Age. Medieval Silesia appears as a distant periphery of the western and central European'pilgrimage civilization'. The picture revealed in the archaeological record alone is somewhat biased, especially in view of insufficient investigation of river beds, which occasionally yield a rich trove of pilgrim signs. Inhabitants of Wroclaw, were making pilgrimages to Rome, Compostela and Cologne, already in the first half of the 13th century. In the 14th century, the center of gravity of the pilgrimage movement moved to Upper Silesia: pilgrims proceeded from Opava to Aquisgrán (Aachen) and from Racibórz to Compostela. The number of written sources rises considerably in the 15th century, being the effect of as much greater literacy as intensified pilgrimaging though archaeological finds are quite modest. The plaque from Trzebnica, found in Wroclaw is of exceptional interest, considering that the sign represents a local Silesian place of worship, which could not have had much reach in the 15th century, especially as it concerned not just St. Hedwig, but also the earlier worshipped St. Bartholomew. 6 Figures.

12

Žena hašteřivá a zoufanlivý manžel

80%

Všetička F.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2011

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tom 134

|

nr 1-2

123-128

EN

This short notice analyses the Czech folk play ‘A Shrewish Wife and a Desperate Husband’, written in the second half of the 17th century in the Silesian region of Kravaře. Its anonymous author used a contrast principle and architectonic correspondence (based on numbers five and six) when composing this play which takes place on the sacral day of St. Cecilia.

13

INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC ON THE FORMATION OF THE SILESIAN WORK ETHOS

80%

Swadźba U.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2014

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tom 17

|

nr 2

-

EN

The most important factor in theorising of the Silesian work ethos was the German Protestant work ethic. Firstly, the article presents a socio-economic situation in Upper Silesia in the second half of the nineteenth century. The development of industry and the influx of German population and its role in the industrial development of Silesia, which resulted in the transfer of both German work patterns, sand their accompanying values into Silesia. The article ends with a conclusion stating that the impact of the German Protestant work ethic led to the creation and consolidation of such characteristics of the population of Silesia as diligence, conscientiousness, work discipline, obedience, order and thriftiness. This influence continued even after Poland regained a large part of the Upper Silesia.

14

Polska Zachodnia w poglądach politycznych i publicystyce Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego z lat 1858-1872

80%

Czapiewski E.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

|

tom 67

|

nr 4

171–184

EN

This article concerns the evolution of the worldview of a famous Polish author Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812-1887) concerning the legal state of lands controlled by the Prussian state (Germany since 1871), the eastern territories, which the writer considered to be Polish. This analysis concerns the 1858-1872 period, that is since his first journey west, when he spent time in Wrocław and Silesia, until 1872, when his brochure, The Polish Programme 1872. Thoughts about the national task (Program Polski 1872. Myśli o zadaniu narodowym) saw print, which was his informal political testament and a culmination of his political journalism concerning Western Poland. In the following years, until his death, he focused on writing novels, with mainly anti-German themes. The subject of detailed analysis are Kraszewski’s voluminous Balances (Rachunki), published annually in the years 1866-1869, in which he meticulously jotted down and commented upon the development of the Polish nation in the areas conquered by Prussia during the three partitions, in the years 1772-1795 (Greater Poland, Pomerania and Warmia), as well as Silesia and Masuria, which were not conquered, seeing as they were not part of Poland before 1772. In Balances from 1869, he called all these lands, for the first time, by the common name of the Prussian partition, this was to indicate their similar socio-political situation and the national link between all Polish lands under Prussian rule, regardless of their legal status. To the author this was Western Poland, which the Poles should incorporate into the free Polish state in order to achieve a historic restoration of ancient lands by the Oder river and the Baltic Sea.

15

Standardization of the Upper Silesian Language and its Social and Political Implications (especially in Opole,Silesia)

80%

Kamusella T.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2004

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nr 24-25

113-131

EN

Upper Silesia is a Central European region today located in Poland though its southernmost slither is also included in the Czech Republic. This division dates back to 1740-42 when Prussia wrested Lower and Upper Silesia away from Vienna. After World War I the German (Prussian) share of Upper Silesia was divided between Germany and Poland. During World War II National Socialist Germany seized almost entire historical Upper Silesia including Czechoslovakia's section of this region. In 1945 this section was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the rest of Upper Silesia (along with almost all Lower Silesia) was granted to Poland. In the pre-modern times Latin, chancery German and chancery Bohemian ('Czech of the Prague court') were used as written languages in Upper Silesia. After Prussia's seizure of this region standard German won the day though in 1849-1873 standard Polish was introduced as a medium of education to elementary schools for Slavophone population. The conjunction between standard languages (construed as 'national') and Central European nationalisms was strong. Thus, in the course of the 20th century standard Czech, German and Polish were forced on the inhabitants of Upper Silesia in an effort to make them into indistinguishable part of the Czech, German or Polish nation. In modern times the Upper Silesian population spoke West Germanic and North Slavic dialects as well as the Germanic-Slavic creole that emerged in the three last decades of the 19th century due to the intensive interaction of both these groups in the industrial basin. Shortly the Germanic-speakers acquired standard German, while frequent changes in the imposition of various standard languages on the Slavic-speakers entrenched them in their dialects and creole. After 1945 with the removal of Germans and the ban on German, this language and the Germanic dialects disappeared in Upper Silesia. Today the German minority speaks a Slavophone dialect and the creole to mark their ethnic difference vis-a-vis the Polish nation, while these two language forms are used by those considering themselves of the Silesian nation/ethnic group for the very same purpose. Obviously, languages being the basis of Central European nationalism, standardization of Upper Silesia's Slavophone dialect(s) and creole into a standardized Upper Silesia language may have wide-ranging effects: from divisive to integrating the ethnically variegated inhabitants of Upper Silesia.

16

Struktury administracyjne Śląska jako czynnik spójności prawnoustrojowej (XII-XV w.)

80%

Pauk M. , Wółkiewicz E.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

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tom 67

|

nr 4

53–77

EN

An analysis of crucial legal and systemic issues indicates that the most important aspect in forming the regional cohesion of Silesia was the “transformation” in the 13th century, including the reception of German law and the institution of self-governing municipality. The main factor determining the functionality of administrative and judicial structures was the furthering territorial fragmentation. In the 12th century the provincial comites, appointed by the principes, as well as the Bishops of Wrocław, performed the function of intermediaries between Silesia and the rest of the Monarchy. After 1163 the Silesian dukes concentrated on the particular needs of their forming territorial dominions, sometimes used also as power base for the realisation of state-wide political concepts. Hence the initiatives undertaken for the purpose of consolidating the duchies in the administrative and economic spheres, utilising innovative socio-systemic mechanisms, such as: establishment of new towns, castle construction as well as reforms of administration of both the Castellans and Weichbilds and promoting migration of foreign knights. Yet another breakthrough took place when the Silesian duchies fell under direct or feudal dominion of the Bohemian Crown. Seeing as the House of Luxembourg was not interested in the creation of centralised institutions and did not interfere in internal relations between the duchies the institutional differences deepened. Unification policies took shape only within individual duchies, with limitations of such policies and focus on short-term solutions being evident. Attempts to make the administrative structures uniform were rare, this is especially evident in context of incorporated areas. The rapid changes in the feudal fragmentation proved a hindrance to unification activities as well. Remaining within a singular church structure and one political organism was, however, a cohesive factor.

17

Prywatne szkoły elementarne na Ślasku Cieszyńskim pod koniec XIX i na początku XX w.

80%

Bogus M.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

|

2013

|

tom 68

|

nr 1

53–74

EN

Although private schools constituted only about a dozen per cent of the overall educational institutions in the region, they nevertheless played an important role. They came to be due to various reasons, they differed in nature as well. Their nature depended on the body responsible for their creation, such as societies, religious communities (Catholic, Evangelical or Jewish) and workers’ associations (German, Czech or Polish). After 1869 regulations concerning the formation and operation of private schools were in place. They were required to adhere to the approved educational program, follow the established rules and guidelines, secure material resources and ensure that the competence of teachers was not substandard in comparison with public schools. These private schools did have a greater freedom when it came to the rules of employment, including the pay. This was not necessarily advantageous to those hired (due to lower pay and lack of benefits). This autonomy was particularly important for religious schools, in their idea of god-fearing, economical education, as well as for the schools created by associations, since it made it possible to influence the worldview of their pupils. The private schooling in Cieszyn Silesia should not be considered merely through the vantage point of the national struggle, which utilised educational institutions, as hitherto was the case in subject matter literature.

18

Śląska tożsamość kulturowa okresu średniowiecza na przykładzie architektury i sztuk plastycznych

80%

Kaczmarek R.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2012

|

tom 67

|

nr 4

163–169

EN

The cultural identity of architecture and visual arts of the Middle Ages in Silesia can be analysed through the following criteria: 1) distinct formal features of local artworks; 2) specific content expressed through it. Macro factors (availability and type of materials) are important in architecture, as are architectural patterns and styles. Most frequent in this context are brick buildings, with sandstone used for details. In the 14th century distinct and formal patterns of style in architecture took shape (such as the basilica form of town churches), same with detailed construction and aesthetic solutions in walls and vaults. The factors shaping the specific nature of Silesian art are the influence of dominant styles (initially from the Czech state, later southern Germany, including Nuremberg), political contexts (affiliation with the Bohemian Crown) and religious (mostly choice and popularity of patron saints).

19

Polští socialisté na československém Těšínsku v letech 1921–1925

80%

Baran I.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2008

|

tom 16

81-133

EN

This study deals with the activities of the Polish Socialist Worker's Party in the years 1921-1925, from the departure of a large number of its followers to the communists in 1921 to the Czechoslovak parliamentary election in November, 1925. The Polish socialists were in a very difficult situation, because they had to fight at the same time for the social interests of Polish workers, for the national interests of Polish minority, and against the communists. They cooperated with other parties of Polish minority in the fight for national rights, but they could not ignore the existing ideological differences. Polish socialists tried to cooperate with the Czechoslovak Social Democracy, too, but because there were great ethnical disputes between Czechs and Poles in the Teschen region of Silesia these efforts failed. At the parliamentary election in November 1925, Polish socialists approached, after a serious internal controversy, a coalition of other Polish parties.

20

W sprawie polsko-ruskich relacji w pierwszej połowie XII w. Wokół małżeństwa Bolesława Wysokiego ze Zwienisławą Wsiewołodówną

80%

Dąbrowski D.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

|

tom 68

|

nr 3

3–21

EN

This article, a study in dynastic microgenealogy clarifies, on a given example, the motivations and both political and cultural consequences of a certain Polish-Russian marriage. This concerns the union of Bolesław I the Tall (Wysoki, 1127-1201), the eldest son of the Polish lord Władysław II the Exile, and Zwienisława, the eldest daughter of the Duke of Kiev, Wsiewołod Olegowicz. The article corrects certain chronological inconsistencies embedded in literature, concerning the date of the marriage, as well as resulting from it campaign of Russian forces to aid Władysław II, who was fighting the Junior Dukes. According to the author, the marriage of Boleslaw and Zwienisława took place between March 1, 1142 and the atmospheric winter ending that year. The author also investigated the issue of, almost universally incorrectly interpreted by historians, Polish political situation in Russia. The author assures that aside from the episode of 1139 there was no conflict between Olegowiczes, led by Wsiewołod Olegowicz and Monomachowiczes – the descendants of Włodzimierz Wsiewołodowicz Monomach. This could not have been a factor contributing to the reasons for marriage of Bolesław and Zwienisława.