Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE SCIENCES IN POLAND (Przestrzenne aspekty nauki w Polsce)

100%

Olechnicka A. , Ploszaj A.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2009

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tom 45

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nr 2(180)

155-171

EN

The article applies some scientometric indicators to evaluate spatial distribution of the Polish science potential. On the base of empirical studies, it discusses the following issues of research: outcomes, cooperation, field specialization, quality, and effectiveness. The authors develop their own research approach based on analysis of bibliometric data as well as scientific projects data. They describe some directions of possible future applications of the presented methodology.

2

ABDUKCIA A JEJ MIESTO VO VEDE A FILOZOFII

80%

Bielik L.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2021

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tom 76

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nr 6

391 – 406

EN

The paper analyses four different aspects of abduction when used in science and philosophy. As a preliminary step, it presents the main kinds of abductive arguments in terms of their logical form and extra logical criteria of evaluation. Subsequently, it discusses the standard functions of abductive inference. Finally, it pays attention to four levels of difference in comparing the use of abduction in science with that in philosophy. In particular, it is argued that the difference between abduction in science and philosophy involves the distinct kinds of hypotheses, a different notion of explanation, a difference in the contexts of abductive reasoning, and different criteria for the hypothesis-selection.

3

Czy „naukowe” oznacza „skuteczne”?

80%

Świeży M.

Psychologia Społeczna

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2008

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tom 3

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nr 4(9)

370-371

EN

The text comments on an article by Witkowski and Fortuna “On psycho-business, tolerance and responsibility or strategies employed by pure scientists”. Its main focus is on reconstruction and discussion of some statements regarding the relation between scientific character and effectiveness of psychotherapy and self-development techniques. The author points out that effectiveness and adhering to scientific standards are separate categories and that comparable levels of effectiveness are ascribed to therapeutic approaches with different levels of scientific justification. The author suggests combining responsibility for the quality of knowledge presented to the public with openness toward investigating grounds of effectiveness of “nonscientific” therapies and self-development techniques.

4

RENESANCIA A NOVOVEK NA CESTE K MÚDROSTI A CHYTROSTI

80%

Nezník P.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2006

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tom 61

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nr 5

359-368

EN

The paper deals with the rise of modern thought in connection with the origins of modern mathematical science. Leibniz, one of the founding fathers of modern science and the language of science (characteristica universalis), scientific questions and modern knowledge as such, is an extraordinary thinker among others because of his comprehensiveness. He aimed at a new synthesis of science, which should first of all maintain the unity of science, philosophy and morals (or ethics). By the help of the notions such as 'cleverness', 'brightness', 'calculating and considering reason' Leibniz wanted to stress his conviction, that the topical questions of his time could be resolved only in dependence on creative thinking and mainly moral action.

5

SLOVENSKÁ TEXTOLÓGIA A EDITORSTVO V DRUHEJ POLOVICI 20. STOROČIA

80%

Hašková Z.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2013

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tom 60

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nr 2

143 – 155

EN

The goal of the article was to at least partly systematize the knowledge gained by the Slovak text studies as a generalizing work in this field does not exist in our country. The ideas built on the scientific articles within text studies written in the second half of the 20th century. The beginning of the Slovak text studies in the 1950s is represented by the works by Jozef Felix, Karol Rosenbaum and Mikuláš Bakoš. Later studies by Nora Krausová, František Miko and Peter Zajac form the next stage of its development and with regard to the future seem to be trend-setting. Owing to their communicative and inspiring nature, the summary can be considered a good starting point for an effective exploitation of their potential. Based on the study of the texts used at the birth of Slovak text studies it can be concluded that the most serious practical problems are related to the way texts are edited and the choice of the basic text. Using the texts written by younger authors the scientific character of the text studies was demonstrated as well as how they are bound with literary theory and why they are important for the correct understanding of literary texts. The summary and assessment of the Slovak text studies in the article map their most important topics and debatable issues, relate the results of the research by the literary scientists engaged in this field and draw attention to their various approaches. They also raise questions about the direction of the Slovak text studies in the future.

6

ŽENY V INTELEKTUÁLNÍCH PROFESÍCH V PRVNÍ POLOVINĚ 20. STOLETÍ

80%

Musilová D.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2014

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tom 18

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nr 1

49 – 61

EN

Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.

7

Whitehead's First Coming to Terms with the Legacy of Modern Science and Philosophy

80%

Andrle M.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2007

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tom 16/29

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nr 1

75-112

EN

This article summarizes the underlying points of Whitehead's first systematic critique of the 'materialistic' theory, which dominated modern scientific reasoning, as well as the philosophical motivation of his criticism of modern epistemology that originated as a result of a specific link towards science. Together with an outline of Whitehead's critique, this study offers a number of illustrative quotes from the works of thinkers against whom Whitehead delineated his own philosophy since his own texts do not systematically come to terms with primary literature. In conclusion, this study sketches out the key traits of Whitehead's own position representative of the particular phase of his thinking under scrutiny.

8

Max Horkheimer o relacjach między filozofią i nauką w dobie kryzysu kulturowego

80%

Walentowicz H.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2011

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tom 47

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nr 3(189)

359-373

EN

The paper deals with Horkheimer’s view on the relation between philosophy and the sciences. It also presents his ideas concerning the aims of study as well as discusses his account of authentic education. These problems are addressed not abstractly, but in the context of Horkeimer’s social and historiosophic diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, the authoress shows the difference between the results of the Critical Theory and the conceptions grounded in tradition. The main thesis of the paper manifests itself in statement that Horkheimer’s remedy for the crisis of the European culture is the philosophical self-reflection; in other words, he postulates the primacy of philosophy in respect to sciences, that is, wisdom in respect to knowledge.

9

WHO EXACTLY IS AN EXPERT? ON THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING AND RECOGNIZING EXPERTISE

80%

Hardoš P.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2018

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tom 50

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nr 3

268 – 288

EN

The article tackles the problem of defining and identifying experts. The conceptual analysis of what it means to be an expert relies on existing scholarship in social epistemology and sociology of expertise. It draws a portrait of experts as deeply immersed in specialist habits and practices, whose truth-tracing testimonies, publicity, and standards of inquiry bestow on them a tentative, context-dependent epistemic authority. This definition of expertise is closely connected with the question of their recognition by the lay public, i.e. how experts can (and should) signal their reliability and trustworthiness. The signalling is made possible through the culture of responsibility present in scientific practices along with the institutionalization of certain features of ‘epistemic vigilance’.

10

Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szaleństwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczości naukowej, metodologia badań naukowych

80%

Bobryk J.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2011

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tom 47

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nr 1(187)

29-40

EN

(Polish title: Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szalenstwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczosci naukowej, metodologia badan naukowych). The first part of the paper presents the discussion concerning the relations between psychological development, psychopathology and creativity. Kazimierz Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration provide the conceptual framework of the undertaken discussion The second part of the paper considers the role of psychological crises and unconsciousness in creative processes and creative behaviors of scientists.

11

Úvahy o Mathesiově pojetí vědy, jazyka a gramatiky

80%

Danes F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 2

83-98

EN

The then-non-standard conviction of V. Mathesius - that science is an ongoing process of constructing truth and that human cognition represents a simplified reduction or epistemological stylization of experience - now appears to be in accordance with major present-day philosophical approaches. Mathesius' viewpoint followed primarily from his pronounced activist nature and self-reliant way of thinking, partly influenced by the ideas of E. Sapir, A. Marty, and analytical philosophy. In this study, the philosophical ambience of the Prague Linguistic Circle at that time is also examined. Mathesius understood language as communicative competence, implying communication skills in addition to the system of means. Given that he viewed the utterance (the processes of its encoding and decoding) as a legitimate object of linguistic study, he appears to be a predecessor to modern text linguistics. This study reconsiders Mathesius' functional grammar project, inspects the development of the ideas behind it more closely and states its psycholinguistic basis.

12

FAKTY A HODNOTY: K OTÁZKE HODNOTOVEJ NEUTRALITY VEDY

80%

Szapuová M.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2018

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tom 73

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nr 9

693 – 706

EN

The paper deals with the fact-value distinction within the context of the value-free ideal of science. Drawing on some views of H. Putnam and J. Searle the author criticizes the dichotomy understanding of the fact-value relationship and argues that a strict distinction between science as a world of facts and morals as a world of values is unsustainable. Abandoning the fact-value dichotomy opens the space for rethinking the value-free ideal and for considering various types of values operating in science and influencing knowledge production. The author also tries to show that the recognition that science is free from neither cognitive nor non-cognitive values does not mean that we have to abandon the principle of objectivity. Instead of considering objectivity as an opposition to valueladeness, we should rather conceive it as connected with the social and communal character of knowledge producing practices.

13

Zagrożenie nauką bez cywilizacji: od wiedzy do mądrości

80%

Maxwell N.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2011

|

tom 47

|

nr 3(189)

269-295

EN

We are in a state of impending crisis. And the fault lies in part with academia. For two centuries or so, academia has been devoted to the pursuit of knowledge and technological know-how. This has enormously increased our power to act which has, in turn, brought us both all the great benefits of the modern world and the crises we now face. Modern science and technology have made possible modern industry and agriculture, the explosive growth of the world’s population, global warming, modern armaments and the lethal character of modern warfare, destruction of natural habitats and rapid extinction of species, immense inequalities of wealth and power across the globe, pollution of earth, sea and air, even the AIDS epidemic (AIDS being spread by modern travel). All these global problems have arisen because some of us have acquired unprecedented powers to act, via science and technology, without also acquiring the capacity to act wisely. We urgently need to bring about a revolution in universities so that the basic intellectual aim becomes, not knowledge merely, but rather wisdom – wisdom being the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others, thus including knowledge and technological know-how, but much else besides. The revolution we require would put problems of living at the heart of the academic enterprise, the pursuit of knowledge emerging out of, and feeding back into, the fundamental intellectual activity of proposing and critically assessing possible actions, policies, political programmes, from the standpoint of their capacity to help solve problems of living. This revolution would affect almost every branch and aspect of academic inquiry.

14

Zrození moderního umělce a kritika v Čechách: umění, věda a objevení času

80%

Andel J.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2008

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tom 17/30

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nr 2

133-147

EN

In his article, the author traces the changes that took place in both art and science in the Czech Lands in the course of the 19th century. In the works and commentaries of such painters as Karel Purkyne or Sobeslav Pinkas, he finds early signals of the emergence of modern art. Even the scientific findings of Karel Purkyne's father, J. E. Purkyne, a renowned natural scientist of his era, divulge links to modern art-forms, such as cinematography. The exchange between art and science is apparent, for example, in the geological inspiration for Adolf Kosarek's paintings. What is particular about such works and scientific endeavors is their disruption of the static imagery and emphasis on the flow of time. The rise of urbanism and, consequently, of individualism, brought the passing and linear conception of time to the fore. Andel claims that this 'discovery of time' was a crucial element in constituting both the modern artist and critic.

15

Společnost jako sociální konstrukce a text

80%

Petrusek M.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2008

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tom 17/30

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nr 3-4

5-54

EN

The moderate interpretation of the Thomas' Theorem suggests little more than a failure at the assessment of objective situation. Its radical interpretation allows thinking the existence of new social reality. The postmodern condition facilitates this understanding. The underlying idea is not recent; Marx's theory is a precursor to the constructionist approach. The canonical foundations of social constructionism were laid by Berger and Luckmann, who sought to reconcile Weberian and Durkheimian traditions in their concept of the social construction of reality. Phenomena like gender or consumerism appear to be suitable objects for such an approach. Attribution of meaning in culture nonetheless offers to expand the principle to any domain and, in some cases, such as the labeling theory of deviation, it tries its own limits. Applied to science itself, the principle raises questions about the status of scientific knowledge that circumvent epistemological issues. Social constructionism is itself surpassed by the linguistic turn and discursive theories of society. The notion of society as text may challenge realist and objectivist positions. In order to remain productive, however, the notion must retain the presupposition of order and rules of reading and thus admit that, actually, society is not merely a text.

16

PHYSIS AND NATIVITY

80%

Held K.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2007

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nr 44

5-18

EN

The main objective of this paper is to expose and phenomenologically analyze the concepts and mutual relationships between 'nature' and 'birth' which derive their origin and specific meaning from the old Greek philosophical tradition, and at the same time play a key role in our contemporary understanding of our own culture, and specifically in understanding of our unique relationship with nature. Scientific idealizations (mathematical-technical thinking) move us more and more away from the primordial experience of nature so that the original experience of nature itself becomes gradually mediated (or replaced) by technical thinking and step by step falls into oblivion. In the next part the author dwells phenomenologically on the meaning of 'birth' and 'being born, which constitutes the condition of every experience and makes my access to physis possible. Being born is therefore my 'emerging from secure darkness of the womb and appearing on the risky lit scene of the world'.. Nowadays, due to technical engineering and genetic manipulations - it became a matter of technology that man can be genetically and technically produced, transformed and 'born' beyond and independently of mother's body. No one can see what kind of creatures can be produced in this way. The tendency to eliminate pain and suffering from pregnancy and birth (and from our life in general) seems to irreversibly transform our attitude to ourselves, to our fate, to nature and natural processes. So, Holderlin's question: 'is there a measure on Earth?' retains its actuality.

17

THE CURRENT POSITION OF PHILOSOPHY

80%

Doomen J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2010

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tom 65

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nr 7

672-682

EN

What does the fact that academic philosophy has specialized to a high degree entail its pursuit for? In particular, how can philosophy at present contribute to discussions pertaining to scientific issues? Due to its evolved character, it does not, in contrast to earlier times, when it was still intertwined with the sciences, produce substantial material results. Now the sciences have established themselves as independent domains, its role is limited, being focused on reflection. This does not, however, lead to its demise; in fact, it may, in order to preserve at least the appearance of stability, turn out to be the covering discipline in an ever changing scientific landscape.

18

SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE - THE PROBLEM REVISITED: 'WHAT IS SO GREAT ABOUT SCIENCE'

80%

Iwinska K.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2006

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nr 1(180)

61-87

EN

Nowadays, science is generally regarded as domain treated with respect, approval and trust. Scientists and researchers try to confirm their results by showing the criteria considered as 'scientia'.This article aims to present briefly how sociologists manage with their discipline which obviously is somewhere in-between science and humanities. The authoress quotes the famous statement of Paul Feyerabend, who discussed the methodological issues with Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos. She confines herself to the minimum detail of metatheory in order to present one theoretical paradigm, focusing on presentation of Jeffrey Alexander's work, who combines different ideas about sociology. Her aim is to revive the idea of 'classical' positivism to check, in what way it still exists in sociological ideas. The changes in case of theory and empirical studies are taken into account. She presents sociological debates and lack of consensus as far as 'sociology as science' is concerned. The idealistic view, that these debates sometimes become conclusive, is presented. The authoress takes postpositivistic ideology of Alexander, since it occurs to have been the only way to link two kinds of doing science. It shows the consensus between the so called humanistic tradition and 'neopositivistic view' in sociology.

19

PESSIMISTIC INDUCTION AGAINST SCIENTIFIC REALISM

80%

Park S.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2014

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tom 21

|

nr 1

3 – 21

EN

There are nine antirealist explanations of the success of science in the literature. The author raise difficulties against all of them except the latest one, and then construct a pessimistic induction that the latest one will turn out to be problematic because its eight forerunners turned out to be problematic. This pessimistic induction is on a par with the traditional pessimistic induction that successful present scientific theories will be revealed to be false because successful past scientific theories were revealed to be false.

20

Nauka i jej konteksty w e-wydaniach „Faktu”

80%

Piechota M.

Oblicza Komunikacji

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2011

|

tom 4

165-180

EN

Poland entered the 21st century with the aim of transforming its economy into one that is based on knowledge. Completing this goal is largely dependent on members of society, who need to continuously develop their expertise, and learn to transfer it to the economy. Such an attitude to education can certainly be shaped by the media, and not only by opinion-forming quality newspapers and magazines, but also tabloids, whose wide readership makes them particularly influential. This article represents an attempt to examine how the tabloid press depicts science, knowledge, and learning. To that end, an analysis is made of a body of science-related texts published between August 2008 and May 2009 in the online edition of the Polish daily tabloid newspaper “Fakt.” For the purposes of this content and style analysis, the texts are broadly divided into two categories: depictions of the work done by scientists and its effects, and narratives about celebrities which are connected with science or learning. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: 1) science and knowledge account for a significant part of news coverage in “Fakt,” 2) scientific achievements are generally presented as positive and applicable to everyday life, 3) the authority of scientists is used to lend credence to unlikely or trivial information, 4) although scientific news in “Fakt” is occasionally sensationalized (a typical feature of nearly all tabloid texts), citing experts and research results seems to primarily serve to systematize the reader’s knowledge and ideas about the world, 5) learning is typically presented in a favourable manner, yet sometimes this process is suggested to be tiresome, 6) because science and research often demand high expenditure, “Fakt” occasionally reports on them using critical overtones, by means of which it fulfils its role as a defender of “social justice.”