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1
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EN
Today’s business constantly has to prove its «social profitability» before the people, has to demonstrate that the businessmen take care not only of the profit, but also of general well-being of the citizens of the country (the region, the settlement), and that business development is connected directly with society development. Unfortunately, it is otherwise in Russia – for a variety of reasons. Therefore, the image of business as a whole in this country is extremely low. First on the list of these reasons is the inertia of mass consciousness. Throughout several generations, the spirit of unacceptability of market relations has been brought up. The second reason is the behaviour of domestic businessmen, resulting in the negative image of entrepreneurship. The third is a certain selectivity of Russian mass media as to the activity of domestic businessmen, which supports the widespread prejudice that private business is a “dirty thing”. Surely, in the existing circumstances we shouldn’t ignore the factor of unfair competitive struggle and the so called anti-PR. And the fourth reason is a kind of “illiteracy” of Russian businessmen, expressed in the absence of any recognition of social responsibility before the consumer, and in ignoring the severe social situation in the society.
PL
Wraz z rozpadem Związku Radzieckiego (z końcem 1991r.) Rosja zyskała szansę realizacji radykalnych reform w gospodarce kraju, których efektem ma być odrodzenie ekonomiczne oraz rozwój gospodarki narodowej. Dokonywane zmiany są głębokie i wielokierunkowe; zakładają m.in . ścisłą współpracę integracyjną z państwami WNP…
EN
The article examines the activities of anti-Western, conservative pro-Kremlin think tanks, such as the Izborsk Club, Byzantine Club or the Institute of Dynamic Conservatism, reiterating their focus on consolidating patriotic and traditional attitudes in Russian society. Those think tanks are also a tool for the implementation of the global conservative project and for pursuing Vladimir Putin’s anti-Western rhetoric. Conservative initiatives of the Kremlin are targeted at promoting traditional values not only in Russia, but also abroad, in conservative Western European circles, which means that these initiatives are a tool of Russia’s ideological  influence on the West.
EN
Vladimir Putin had high hopes for relations between Russia and the U.S. during Donald Trump’s presidency, but bilateral contacts deteriorated following a report about Russia meddling in the U.S. presidential election. The aim of this article is to analyse U.S.-Russia rivalry in the first year after Trump took office, examining both domestic factors impacting on American and Russian foreign policy and the interests of both countries on the international arena.
6
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EN
National Communism is a strange phenomenon as the national mutation of the internationalist Marxist ideology. The first kind of National Communism was revolutionary movements of national minorities, supported by Bolsheviks against Great Russian imperialism. Butnecessities of the State defense supported thebirth of Soviet patriotism. „Socialism in one country” extorted renaissance of Russian nationalism because Russia was the core of USSR. Under Stalin the Soviet patriotism became new form of the old Russian nationalism.
PL
W Rosji realizowane są współcześnie bardzo trudne reformy polityczne i gospodarcze. Szczególnie złożone problemy dawnych struktur ujawniły się w przemyśle. Istnieje jednakże obecnie silna wola polityczna, przejawiana głównie przez prezydenta i rząd, aby kontynuować zmiany struktur przemysłowych w Rosji, dokonujące się w procesie przechodzenia do gospodarki rynkowej. Oczekiwany wzrost wartości i wielkości produkcji będzie możliwy do osiągnięcia jedynie wówczas, gdy wdrożone zostaną głębokie reformy w całym sektorze przemysłowym.
8
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EN
From 1996 through the present, a new generation of federal and regional codes on energy efficiency in buildings has taken effect in Russia. These codes, which mandate a reduction of at least 40 percent in energy consumption for heating, have led to the need for an increase of 2.5 to 3 times in thermal performance in new and renovated buildings. An array of standards and energy documentation requirements (“Energy Passports”) have provided for energy audits and verification of code compliance. As a result, a fundamental transformation has taken place, toward the production, sale, and use of energy-efficient construction materials and products, and changes in building design methods. Various new technologies and design approaches have emerged. These include, but are not limited to: a new architectural form of widened buildings with a lower surface-area-to-volume ratio; buildings with monolithic-frame construction using light and porous concrete, especially various types of light concretes with both structural and insulating properties; energy-efficient windows with sealed glass units, energy-efficient glass, and frames made of vinyl, wood composite, and wood-and-aluminum; use of efficient thermal-insulation materials from rock and glass fibers in exterior-wall systems; and, in double walls, new types of construction systems – for example, a non-removable polystyrene sheathing with an interior fill made of light concrete. In implementation of these new systems and technologies, thermal performance in actual construction practice has run into problems both in design and in operation.
EN
The Slavic country, Kievan Rus was established by Swedish Vikings who were referred to as the Rus people or Variangans. The tribes who played a significant role in the history of Rus and Russia were the Teutonic peoples and Germans. For seven centuries (882–1598) the country was ruled by princes and tsars coming from the German chief, Rurik. Then for three centuries (1613–1917) the Romanovs ruled the country and for the last 155 years the German Oldenburg dynasty (Holstein-Gottorp). The Russian federation comprises 12.6% of lands, 42.4% of Europe and 28.4% of Asia. This is rather a continent than one of the countries of the world. And the problems they face are also continental ... One of the difficult natural challenges is definitely permafrost, which makes up 60% of Russia and 80% of Siberia. The other significant ones include social-political challenges: western (mainly American), Muslim, Far Eastern (mainly Chinese). Russia and the Russians are often associated with the mythical Sphinx which had a face of a woman, breast and paws of a lion, a tail of a snake and wings of an eagle. Thus the face of the nation can be the heroines from Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novels: Nastasja Filipowna Baraszkow, Agłaja Jepanczyn and Katarzyna, Liza, Achmakowa, Dunia. Their actual prototype was Apolinaria Susłowa. She was best characterized by Wasilij Rozanow. He wrote: „A very Russian type, however, I have never met such a Russian woman in my life. She has something of the Khylst Saint Mother of God or Catherine de Medici. She is wonderful, fascinating, but simultaneously cold-blooded and able to commit a crime. On the St. Bartholomew’s Day she would shoot the Huguenots as a sport”. Nothing more, nothing less….
EN
The deliberations present Russia's competitiveness as regards export of products processed in a low degree as well as they point out to an insufficient use by Russia of the resources possessed thereby.
RU
Рассуждения представляют конкурентоспособность России в отношении зкспорта продуктов, переработанных в невысокой степени, а также они указывают на недостаточное использование Россией имеющихся у ней ресурсов.
EN
A state of Russian refineries and a yield of them have been presented. A degree of conversion of crude oil and quality of obtained engine fuels have been described.
13
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EN
The author characterizes the reforms of the nineteenth century Russia. She particularly emphasizes the reformist activities of Mikhail Speranski, as well as the so-called great reforms of the 60s and 70s, with a special role of the libertarian and enfranchisement reform (1861). An important period of reforming the economic and political system of Russia fell on the period of reforms carried out by Sergei Witte and Peter Stolypin. However, as the author shows, the reform efforts in the period in question were generally overdue and did not contribute to the stabilization of the state system, but to its destabilization.
PL
Autorka charakteryzuje reformy XIX w., w tym szczególnie podkreśla reformatorskie działania M. Sperańskiego, jak również tzw. wielkie reformy lat 60. i 70., ze szczególną rolą reformy wolnościowej i uwłaszczeniowej (1861). Ważny okres reformowania systemu gospodarczego i politycznego Rosji przypadł na okres reform przeprowadzanych przez S. Wittego i P. Stołypina. Jednakże, jak wykazuje autorka, działania reformatorskie w omawianym okresie były zasadniczo spóźnione i nie przyczyniły się do stabilizacji systemu państwa, a do jego destabilizacji.
14
Content available Pociągi dużych prędkości Sapsan w Rosji
51%
PL
Przez wiele lat jedynymi pociągami kolei radzieckich (SŻD) osiągającymi prędkości rzędu 200 km/h były dwa zespoły trakcyjne serii 3P200, wyprodukowane przez fa.bryką RVR z Rygi. Dodatkowo, zbudowane przez koncern Skoda z Czechosłowacji lokomotywy serii 4C200 w licz.bie 12 szt. dla kolei radzieckich (SŻD) osiągały prędkości do 200 km/h. Obie serie prowadziły najbardziej prestiżo.we pociągi między Moskwą i St. Petersburgiem (wcześniej Leningradem). Jednak starzejące się obie konstrukcje spowodowały, że koleje rosyjskie (RŻD) w połowie lat 90. XX w. zaczęty rozważać zakup nowego taboru, przystosowanego do osiągania takich prędkości.
EN
Friendship between New Delhi and Moscow began during the Cold War. Many of the Indian scientific and technological achievements (especially in the field of space research and nuclear energy) became possible thanks to the strong support of the Soviet Union. The purpose of this article is to present two areas of cooperation between India and Russia, which are not so popular in publications – science & technology and space cooperation. Both of these areas prove that the Russia-India cooperation goes beyond the export of military equipment and political statements. It also shows that both countries cooperate with each other on the basis of equal partnership and share technological achievements.
EN
His research interests include EU-Russia economic relations, energy relations in particular, the investments of Russian firms abroad, and the strategic development plans of the Russian Federation. Liuhto has been involved in several Russia-related projects funded by the European Commission, the European Parliament, the United Nations, and the World Bank.
EN
The soft power in contemporary international relations is one of the basics of an effective foreign policy. Conceptualization of “soft power” term has western and liberal-democratic specifics. However, globalization, the interdependence and multi-channel communication of today’s international relations mean that states with policy systems different than liberal-democratic are also aware of its effectiveness. The main goal of this paper is to present the issue from the perspective of two countries – Turkey and Russia. The paper attempts to determine how important soft power is in the structure of the foreign policy tools of both countries, as well as how its resources are used.
PL
Problemy postępowania z wielkogabarytowymi odpadami od całkiem niedawna traktowane są w Rosji jako oddzielna kwestia. Duże miasta, w których brakuje miejsca na deponowania odpadów, a do istniejących transport zajmuje sporo czasu ze względu na odległości, zaczynają dyktować swoje warunki w sferze postępowania z odpadami.
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