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EN
This article provides an overview of articles devoted to Polish literature, published in 2000 to 2009 in the “Baltiyskiy Filologicheskiy Kuryer” - a scientific journal dedicated to problems of modern philology (Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Russian State University, edited by prof. W.I. Greshnych and associates).
EN
The author presents an in-depth interpretation of Tadeusz Różewicz’s Bulgarian Mosaic. It uses references to imagism and various poetic strategies and attempts to sketch out the cultural space in which Różewicz moves. An encounter with Otherness, with the Other which/who can be neither reached nor fully apprehended is brought to the foreground. The author observes how Różewicz presents his reckoning of the topos of Bulgaria (“small shells”, “red wine”), and the number of cultural contexts to which the poet refers, while he lays his Mosaic. The author concludes that it is not only a problem of negating the fixed, usually deceptive stereotypes, but above all the negating a “vision of Bulgarianness”, which was introduced to the Polish culture.
4
Content available Australia w literaturze polskiej
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EN
Australia has never became a popular topic in Polish literature. However, it was present in Polish writings since the Age of Enlightenment. The aim of the text is to analyse different ways in which Australian motifs were used in different literary works.
EN
The paper presents a voice in the discussion on blaming the writer for orientalization of the USSR, i.e., purposeful presenting the Union in a pathologic, unbalanced way in order to enhance the status of the West, including Poland. This accusation, however, loses its strength when one juxtaposes the image of the USSR (as presented in The Empire) with the image of Poland in the 50s and 60s in the twentieth century which appears in the volume of domestic reportages entitled The Polish Bush. Kapuściński’s motherland is also presented as a country of fatalism, stagnation, superficiality of experience, lack of morality and sensitivity amongst the residents. If one finds it necessary to speak about „orientalization”, he/she should make a similar accusation against The Polish Bush or admit that the image described by the author shows only one aspect of the eastern empire. The aspect which is controlled by the ideology homo sovieticus. Closer analysis of Heban’s author’s text proves, however, that there is also the other, „different” Russia which has preserved in the USSR. It is the country when one can meet true Russians - open-minded, friendly, and ready to bear responsibility for Other, Different people.
EN
While arguing with the critics who have interpreted Andrzej Stasiuk’s novel Dojczland quite one-sidedly, the essay’s author notices a few different reception styles which had been projected in the novel. He claims that the realistic interpretation, which is suggested by the icon from the book’s cover is rather absurd, and consequently prefers two other possible interpretations: grotesque-realistic on the one hand and genre-oriented on the other hand. He shows, that the author presents a phenomenon of a German from the perspective of a Polish Gastarbeiter, who is full of prejudices and fears as well as admiration for German civilisation. He also shows, that Stasiuk derisively falsifies the stereotypes in order to clash the Germans’ stereotypes about Poles and Poles’ stereotypes about Germans.
EN
The first part of the paper contains reflections on the phenomenon of creating the “text” of lectures as well as the embarrassing problem, usually silenced by biographers, that Mickiewicz forced the school curator of the Vilnius area, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, to “confirm the untruth” stating that Mickiewicz, allegedly, graduated from the department of Classical Philology in the Imperator’s University of Vilnius obtaining master’s degree, whereas he only passed all (very detailed) final exams, but never wrote and defended his master thesis. The second part of the paper presents The Context of Province and Provincialism, which is partly an account from the exams and an interpretation of certain complexes linked to the place of origin and the current place of residence. In favourable circumstances the source of complexes transformed into a source of strength.
EN
As far as the question of the Holocaust is concerned, the Polish culture is characterised by some peculiar feature. On the one hand, it embraces the texts which quite uncompromisingly describe the Polish role in extermination, noticing a continuum between collective discriminating behaviours of the non-Jewish part of the society and the exterminating activities of the Nazis. Such voices deconstruct narration, in which the Polish majority remains an isolated, bystanding and passive witness of the Holocaust, and demonstrate some forms of participation. On the other hand, the message of this kind does not permeate into social consciousness, does not become known and does not improve the knowledge of the society about itself. The studies of Protest by Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wielki Tydzień (“Holy Week”) by Jerzy Andrzejewski are used for the description of the mechanism of this “becoming acquainted”. A key role in this mechanism is played by preoccupation with self-image of the group. The Holocaust, to a certain degree, undermined the obviousness of Polish discriminating practices towards Jews. In the awareness of elites there appeared a premonition of other criteria of evaluation of Polish behaviours, going beyond the mentioned practices (a phantasm “eyes of the world”). In the light of such criteria, the attitude towards exterminated Jews proves to be discrediting. At the same time, there appear narrations whose aim is to restore the order of discrimination and the hierarchies connected with it, which comes down to forcing the victims into inferior position-in contrast to the dominating majority-and concealing the knowledge about participation in the crime. Consequently, culture remains in the state of unrest. Unwanted knowledge (and the feeling of guilt) returns and the attempts to become purified by the renewed concealment and repudiation of the awareness of evil always prove unsuccessful. The signs of repudiation are the recurring symptoms and repetitions of the same scenario of denial of never clearly stated accusations.
10
Content available Václav Burian’s Non- -obvious Poland
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PL
The Polish-studies output of Václav Burian, an ambassador of Polish culture in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic, scattered in magazines such as „Ječmínek”, „Hanácké noviny”, „Scriptum”, „Listy” or „Literární noviny”, has been gathered by Jan Jeništa and Anna Militz in a volume entitled Budoucím čtenářům starých novin (For future readers of old newspapers). Their selection of essays from between 1981 and 2014 is an excellent illustration of Václav Burian’s work. The sheer diversity of articles Burian left behind was unquestionably a challenge for the editors. They have stood up to that challenge – it has to be emphasised – outstandingly. They divided the selected texts by subject into three chapters titled: Witness of History (Svědkem Historie), Travel reports (Zprávy z cest) and Literature’s reader (Čtenář literatury). The first covers key events in Poland in the 1980’s. The second consists of Burian’s notes from trips to Poland in 1993 and 1995. The third one collects the most important Burian’s texts about Polish literature. Those three chapters reflect the three areas of Burian’s interest, through which he presented Poland to Czech readers.
EN
In this article setting and literary decision of conflict, which appeared between war thinking and humanist thinking, are being traced through poetics, the character of development of literary- philosophic thought, which is directed to the defence of common to all mankind values, is determined.
EN
The interest of Polish scholars in literary works written in Ruthenian or in Polish language in the borderlands of the Commonwealth varied in different periods. By the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 1930s, Poland was rather focused on the construction of her new national state and the accentuation of her civilizational mission towards Eastern Slavic literature. After World War II, the new borders of the Polish state under Communist rule directed the attention of Polish scholars and cultural dealers toward a new national conception, whose goal was to eradicate the memory of the Commonwealth and to canalize the intellectual efforts towards “truly” Polish heritage, anti-German antagonism and politically correct ideologies. However, some groundbreaking works were written in the 1960s. Radical changes appeared after 1989. Publications multiplied exponentially in the 1990s and 2000s. Post-colonial studies emerged. In Polish scholarship and culture, two main trends may be indicated: on the one hand, the need to analyze the cultural, linguistic and literary specificities of the borderlands of Ukraine and Belarus in the Lithuanian Grand principality and in the Crown territories; on the other, the need to consider in a systemic approach all the components (Ruthenian, Polish, Lithuanian, Jewish, German) of society and culture of the Rzeczpospolita. The article focuses on the most interesting trends and publications of the periods indicated above.
EN
A great interest in photography, which could have been observed among our writers in the recent decades leads to the modification of the modes of reading and analysis of literary texts. The author shows, that the interpretative effort means a double analytical work: the analysis of a text and a picture, and an effort to unify the two areas of contemporary literature – the linguistic and the visual spheres. The author presents and analyses some of the possible uses of photography and the use of its specific poetics in the selected texts by Andrzej Stasiuk (Jadąc do Babadag and Fado) and by Jacek Dehnel (Lala). The act of taking pictures and the photographs presented in Stasiuk’s texts, turn the texts into a kind of reportage. At the same time the narrator of Stasiuk’s novels seems to speak as someone who does not see the reality, but rather perceives some frames which were cut out of it. In Dehnel’s works photography reveals itself as a testimony and an image which documents the history and which models the structure of narration through the use of very sensual and fragmented mode of description.
EN
The volume, which is both comparative and interdisciplinary, shows the multifaceted side of Bruno Schulz’s works, namely prose, drawings, correspondence and metaliterary statements. Introduction contains the history of scientific reflection upon Schulzology and brings prolific bibliography of the following issue. Two first parts of the volume include views which demonstrate new comparative approach to Schulz’s books through checking the influence of other writers, various traditions, styles and trends on Schulz’s writings. The third part gathers the statements which propose new aspects and reinterpretations in historical and theoretical contexts. The last part is the mixture of four attempts of new, comprehensive summary of Schulz’s writings, creating new perspectives on Schulz’s oeuvre.
15
Content available Paul Valéry in Warsaw
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EN
Paul Valéry (1871-1945) was considered in the 1930s one of the greatest French poet and essayist. He was the author of the famous poems: La Jeune Parque (The Young Fate) and Le Cimetiere marin (The Graveyard by the Sea). Many times in different situations he spoke very highly of Poland and Poles. Wednesday, October 28th 1936, Valéry arrived in Warsaw. He delivered two lectures during his brief stay. They met with great interest, they were in the papers, they have been mentioned by Polish writers: Wacław Grubiński, Zofia Nałkowska, Tadeusz Breza. Also, Czesław Miłosz and Ludwik Hieronim Morstin have written about meetings with Paul Valéry. Poet`s visit, although very short, was a significant event in Polish cultural life.
EN
The present study falls within the scope of research dedicated to external history of literary translation and applies the framework designed by Gideon Toury (1995/2012), which has a historical, empirical, descriptive and explanatory character. It reconstructs preliminary norms in direct Polish­‑European Portuguese literary translation in the period between 1985 and 2010, by investigating (1) the nature of translation policy in Portugal concerning Polish literature, and (2) the reasons for choosing a direct translation of Polish literature into European Portuguese. Following the latest trends, special attention is given to the translators’ biography since translators are bridge­‑builders between cultures.
EN
Old age and family are one of the most permanent and strongly exploited cultural motives. The article is about the literatural conceptualization of advantages and disadvantages of old age with microstructural family relations background. We will be interested in what extent the literature was being able to write down the senior’s transformations in family, determined by cultural and social stereotypes. We will show 3 faces of the old man: static sage-patriarch, anachronic/irritating fool and abandoned and unloved alien.
EN
The author is concentrating on Jerzy Pietrkiewicz (Peterkiewicz) in his capacity as a nov elist in English language and his other major works of academic importance such as: - the two anthologies of the English/Polish and the Polish/English poetry from the middle ages to and including the 20th century. He is also the author of the proles of famous or historical personalities eg. Karol Wojtyła known as Pope John Paul II, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Federico Garcia Lorca, Jan Potocki – to name the few – whose characters were transmitted by BBC Radio III & IV
EN
In her interpretation of Zbigniew Herbert’s poem the author refers to the archetypal and mitographic critique of Northrop Frye and shows a relation between the mythical model of the universe and a structure of the poem’s world. The author also suggests, that the idea of emotional bond and sympathy among people which is implied in the text, is questioned and negated by the confrontation with the mythical structure. In Zbigniew Herbert’s poem a religious myth is no longer Christian, and the archetype of flood indirectly points out the necessity of rebirth and renewal.
EN
The aim of our considerations is to sketch a number of paths, along which research concerning the notion of time, space and their realization in fantasy literature is led. The question of the representation of time as a phenomenon which can be responsible for creating the fantasy world, is a multi-aspect matter and is typical of each and every creator of this genre (time machines, wormholes, places of inadequate space-time continuum, accelerating or decelerating one time in relation to another etc.). It is about delving deep into other dimensions — into an n-dimensional space. It is about giving a careful consideration to the borders of alternative realities, as well the act of crossing these borders, which is accompanied by the feeling of numinosum.
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