Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Czy negatywne poprzedzanie może być użytecznym narzędziem w badaniach poznania społecznego?

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Marek D.

Psychologia Społeczna

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2008

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tom 3

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nr 1(6)

64-72

EN

The article presents different aspects of using a popular research method, so-called negative priming (NP) and possibilities of using this method in the field of social cognition. The development of the NP method is shortly described. Theoretical controversies around interpretations of research results obtained with the NP method are discussed. First applications of NP in social cognition research are also described as well as potential new directions of its utilizing.

2

NEGATIVE PRIMING AND DISORDERS OF SELF-REGULATION: A REVIEW OF STUDIES MOTIVATED BY THE INHIBITORY DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS

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Kowalczyk M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2005

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tom 12

7-40

EN

One of the most influential theoretical ideas of the past few decades has been an assumption that the ability to selectively process information relevant to the current goal, which is essential for efficient self-regulation, to a considerable degree depends on 'inhibitory processes', which block mental activity or suppress mental contents unrelated to the present task. The inhibitory deficit hypothesis attributes self-regulatory failures to weakened inhibition. Negative priming, i.e. the slowing of responses to previously ignored stimuli, has been taken by many authors as a reflection of inhibitory activity in selective attention. These assumptions have been the rationale behind numerous studies aimed at establishing whether various kinds of behavioral dysfunctions or psychopathology allegedly resulting from inhibitory deficit are related to diminished negative priming. The paper reviews such studies pertaining to several categories of dysfunctions: everyday 'cognitive failures', failures in implementing intentions, changes in cognitive functioning related to aging, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and schizotypy. Researches using negative priming as an index of inhibition do not support the inhibitory deficit hypothesis unequivocally for any of these categories. The discussion of complex patterns of results that emerge from these studies focuses on three issues: the problem of accuracy of inhibitory deficit accounts, problems related to assessing the strength of inhibitory processes on the basis of the magnitude of negative priming, and the problem of external validity of laboratory diagnoses that relate to the functioning of inhibitory mechanisms.

3

INHIBITORY PROCESSES, LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE MECHANISMS OF ATTENTIONAL SELECTION - THE IMPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE PRIMING

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Kowalczyk M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2005

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tom 11

31-63

EN

The author analyses implications of the results of research on negative priming for the theory that attributes this phenomenon to inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. According to an early inhibitory account of negative priming, the representation of the stimulus ignored or selected against in the prime (preceding) display is actively suppressed, which entails a short-term decrease in the representation's activation level below baseline. As a result, when a response to this stimulus is required in the probe (subsequent) display, accessing the stimulus representation may be more difficult. Contrary to this account, it was found that negative priming may persist for quite a long time and that it depends on the conditions in, and on the broader context of, the probe display in which an earlier distractor appears as the target. These results are congenial with noninhibitory accounts of negative priming, which attribute the effect to a conflict or difficulty arising when on the probe trial an episodic representation of the probe target is retrieved that was established when this stimulus served as a distractor. Following the integrative proposal put forward by Tipper (2001), the author considers modifications the inhibitory account seems to require to accommodate the data indicating that both inhibition and memory processes play a role in negative priming. A basic change is a revision of the assumptions concerning the way the effects of inhibition are carried over from the prime trial to the probe trial. A modified inhibitory account assumes that this transfer involves memory coding (on the prime trial) and retrieval (on the test trial) of inhibitory processes or their effects. It is shown that this modification necessitates a revision of other assumptions of the original inhibitory account, especially those concerning the nature of the representations involved in negative priming and the very concept of inhibition. Taking into account the role learning and memory processes play in selective attention puts the mechanisms of the latter in a new theoretical perspective. The transition is from analysing attentional selection in a narrow focus of the question that concerns how the organism solves a current problem of distinguishing task-relevant stimuli from distractors, to analysing it in a broader context of the issue of how the organism in its interactions with a given environment learns to categorise stimuli as relevant or irrelevant, to represent them in the context of an activity as those that should be attended to and those that should be ignored.

4

The role of cognitive load and memory capacity in negative priming

100%

Kossowska M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2007

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tom 38

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nr 1

15-23

EN

The following hypotheses were tested in two consecutive experiments: first, that individual differences in the amount of cognitive resources possible to allocate to an activity or process correspond to individual differences in negative priming effect, and second, that negative priming is sensitive to cognitive load. The results suggest that the amount of negative priming effect results from the allocation of cognitive resources and that individual differences in cognitive capacity is related to the ability to efficiently handle irrelevant information. Additionally, the results support the assumptions that cognitive load decreases the negative priming effect.