Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

OLFACTORY MEMORY: UNIQUE IN ITS OWN?

100%

Czerniawska E. , Czerniawska J. M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2005

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tom 11

7-29

EN

The paper contains a review of data concerning olfactory memory. The results of research suggest that olfactory memory is divided into a sensory register, a short-term storage and a long-term storage. The properties of the sensory register and short-term storage are similar to those observed in other modalities. The short-term olfactory memory stores about 6 elements, discloses a serial effect, odors are coded in a sensory, and not verbal code, and it is subject to interference. Odors can be stored for a very long time, but their identification and recognition are not always successful. Long-term coding of odors is similar as compared to other kind of material. Verbalization is helpful in this process, the encoding specifity principle is noted, as well as benefits from dual encoding. The tip-of-the-nose effect is observed. Women have higher achievements in olfactory memory as compared to men. Olfactory memory is present from birth and develops due to contacts with olfactory stimuli. In older age a deterioration in olfactory functioning and olfactory memory follows. Expert olfactory memory is the result of many exposures to specific olfactory stimuli and of the development of knowledge about them.

2

Nonverbal deficits in explicit and implicit memory of Parkinson's disease patients

100%

Gawrys L. , Szatkowska I. , Jamrozik Z. , Janik P. , Friedman A. , Kaczmarek L.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 68

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nr 1

58-72

EN

This study examined verbal and nonverbal aspects of explicit and implicit memory in a sample of 19 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 21 control subjects. For implicit memory evaluation, we used a Mirror Reading (MR) task employing verbal material as well as a nonverbal Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task. For explicit memory measurement we applied a word pairs task (verbal) and pairs of a Japanese ideograms task (nonverbal). The PD patients displayed impairments in the nonverbal tasks only, namely, in the SRT task and the pairs of Japanese ideograms task. No correlation between Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) scores and the results of tasks in which PD patients displayed deficits (SRT and pairs of Japanese ideograms) were discovered. Interestingly, such a correlation was found in the case of MR and words pairs tasks, which did not distinguish PD patients from control group.

3

National Memory as a Philosophical Problem

80%

Pyszczek G.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

241-255

EN

What is national memory? The author begins his reflections by focusing on collective memory in general, and he claims that national memory is a specific example of a wide case. In his opinion it is essential for collective memory to have a spokesman that can be considered a socially credible witness. The witness must identify with the group and must have the power to speak for the group. The group must develop a sense of physical distance from other groups, it must experience its unique character by perceiving how it differs from other people in virtue of their mental, social and cultural characteristics. It is also important to identify with social past.

4

Judaism and the Commandment: 'Thou shall remember!'

80%

Krajewski S.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

125-136

EN

The heritage of Judaism is stronger than standard religious practices, says the author. This heritage is established by the injunction: 'Remember!'. It must be conceded that no generation is capable of transmitting all important aspects of its life to posterity. Because this is true, no community can trace back its heritage to its origins. But there are those who make an effort to immortalise their experience and there are others who do not seem to show an equal concern. Such efforts are never fully successful. Myth inevitably creeps into every history. But in some traditions it has a dominant role in the remembrance of the past, while in others, and it is the case of Judaism, it is replaced by attempts to preserve the past by re-enacting its particularly significant episodes. This desire inspires the March of the Living, who arrive to Auschwitz from many countries in order to preserve an important part Jewish heritage.

5

Postcards collection

80%

Michalowska M.

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2007

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tom 1

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nr 2

98-121

EN

Walter Benjamin's thesis about a creative character of childhood is starting point for a text. According to Benjamin childhood can be compared to the dream. A process of growing up recalls awakening. A world that children perceive, however mysterious and unknown, process a fullness that disappears when they grown up. In philosopher's reflection childhood evoke a collection of postcards inscribed in a memory. Freud's metaphor of archaeology illustrates the mechanism of recreating memories is human mind. In this metaphor a concept of afterwardness is essential. Freud interpreted 'afterwardness' as an understanding of traumatic experience, that took place 'too early', but their presence in a consciousness came 'too late'. In the first part of text, two significant children-photographers - Jacques H. Lartigue and Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz are considered as examples of creative power and experimental attempts of childhood. Taken by children pictures of happy past leads us to the nostalgic dimension of photography. Next part is dedicated to Benjamin's idea of collecting postcards and asks a question about a possibility of recreating the past from the images. The dilemma of photographic mediation between the past and present is outlined also in the last part of text where photography becomes a method of analyzing the architectural aspects of contemporary Berlin. A notion of 'afterwardness' is especially useful here. Photographers work as archaeologists of unconsciousness: their revealing of a past reminds 'digging for memories' and its interpretation.

6

One?trial visual recognition in cats

80%

Okujava V. , Natishvili T. , Mishkin M. , Gurashvili T. , Chipashvili S. , Bagashvili T. , Andronikashvili G. , Kvernadze G.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2005

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tom 65

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nr 2

205-212

EN

The ability of normal cats to perform delayed matching- and nonmatching-to-sample with trial-unique stimuli was investigated both in a modified Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus requiring manipulatory responses and in a Nencki-type testing room requiring locomotor responses. Cats trained in the WGTA learned the two tasks at about the same rate, on average, as that reported for monkeys. However, unlike monkeys, whose strong preference for novelty facilitates their learning of the nonmatching rule and retards their learning of the matching rule, the cats learned the two different rules at about the same rate, suggesting that cats do not share the monkey's strong preference for novelty. In contrast to their relatively rapid learning of the manipulatory versions of the two tasks, cats learned the locomotor versions only slowly or even failed to learn. Experimental analysis indicated that a major source of the cats' difficulty on these locomotor versions was interference from a strong tendency in the large testing room to use visuospatial strategies. Nevertheless, once the matching or nonmatching rule was learned at short delays, whether in the WGTA or the testing room, the cats performed at criterion levels without further training even at delays of 10 minutes, indicating that this species, like monkeys, has a highly developed long-term recognition memory ability.

7

8/9 MAY 1945 IN THE MEMORY OF GERMANS AND POLES (8/9 maja 1945 roku w pamieci Niemców i Polaków)

80%

Korzeniewski B.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2011

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nr 1(338)

83-103

EN

The text looks at the ways the date of 8/9 May 1945 is perceived in the memory of Poles and Germans - in the official memory (anniversary celebrations), public memory (press and media) as well as common memory (historical awareness, family memory). The author traces the dimensions between different levels of memory and evolutions of the image of the end of the war in Poland - before and after the breakthrough of 1989, and in Germany - before and after reunification.

8

The Phenomenon of Memory according to Ludwig Binswanger

80%

Szalek P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

201-209

EN

Ludwig Binswanger has a special position in contemporary psychology. His analysis of memory is used by him to investigate existential assumptions that serve as ontological preconditions for all mental functions. Binswanger relies on Martin Heidegger's philosophy and this approach saves him from having to face numerous dilemmas that typically turn up in the borderline area between psychotherapy and psychology

9

Ustanawianie pamięci i trud budowania tożsamości. Refleksja nad ruchem romskim i jego historiografią

80%

van Baar H.

Studia Romologica

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2015

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tom 8

73-97

EN

This article discusses various dilemmas that are related to historical and contemporary processes of Romani identity formation through an examination of what I consider as Romani acts of memory. By so doing, I reflect upon what has been called “the Romani movement” and the ways in which this social movement has hitherto been represented in the literature. I argue that an analysis of the Romani movement from the perspective of enactments of memory sheds new light on the hard and complex labor of Romani identity formation, as well as on the prevailing historiographies of the Romani movement.

10

Rationality--Human Individual--Action

80%

Aleksandrowicz D.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

257-270

EN

The rational choice theory pretends to explain human behaviour. It is not clear, however, that the theory can accomplish this task without first justifying a broader conception of rationality. Is it rational to maximise profits or to minimise risks? It seems that the theory must adopt some such limiting assumptions, by replacing, for instance, 'expected payoffs' by 'subjectively perceived advantages', before it can begin to make any recommendations. The subjective approach involves individual preferences based on memory of past events. If someone wants to beat the record of the latter day Simon Stylite, he must first consult the Guinness Book of Records to learn who recently remained longest on the top of a pillar. Then, in one sense, it is rational for the challenger to stay on the pillar for a longer time than the most recent record breaker did, but at the same time it is not entirely rational for him to undertake this task at all. It seems that all individuals are capable of seeing both sides of the coin. If so, the dichotomy of objective versus subjective characterisation of rationality can be replaced by a holistic versus aspect approach.

11

Differentiations of the effect of NMDA on the spatial learning of rats with 4 and 12 week diabetes mellitus

80%

Grzeda E. , Wisniewska R. J.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 68

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nr 3

398-406

EN

This study examines possible interactions between behavioral effects and influence of N-methyl-D-aspartate acid (NMDA) receptors in 4 and 12-week streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Effects of NMDA receptor agonist on spatial learning were tested in control groups of rats and in rats with 4 and 12 weeks diabetes mellitus (DM). Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 65 mg/kg, dissolved in citrate buffer. We used the water maze task and examined the acquisition and the retrieval of spatial memory in rats. In our present experiments, we observed that DM had no significant influence on acquisition and retrieval in 4 week diabetic rats on Morris water maze, but impaired examined parameters in 12 week diabetic rats in this test. The NMDA receptor agonist did not influence acquisition but increased recall on water maze in 12 week streptozotocin diabetic rats.

12

Emotionally negative stimuli are resistant to repetition priming

80%

Marchewka A. , Nowicka A.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2007

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tom 67

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nr 1

83-92

EN

The study was aimed at testing whether the repetition priming was influenced by affective valence of visual stimuli. Neutral and emotionally negative words and images were shown in the right or in the left visual field. Each of the stimuli was repeated twice, with 2 to 4 other stimuli presented between repetitions. The subjects' task was detection of a stimulus. Responses were given by index finger of the left or right hand. The task was the same for all stimuli, the new and the repeated ones. Reaction times were measured and analyzed. The effects of repetition priming were significant only for neutral stimuli: repeated items were detected faster than the new ones. For emotionally negative items, generally no priming was observed. Interestingly, new emotionally negative stimuli were detected significantly faster in comparison to neutral stimuli. The results are discussed in relation to attentional processes involved in processing of affective stimuli.

13

SÚČASNÉ OBRAZY SOCIALIZMU V (JEDNOM) LOKÁLNOM KONTEXTE: OD REFLEXIÍ KU KONTRANARATÍVOM

80%

Koza Beňová K.

Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)

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2022

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tom 29

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nr 2

21 - 44

EN

The study focuses on epistemological, theoretical-methodological, and ethical questions that touched on individual phases of the implementation of oral history, or biographical research, focused on the life histories of people who lived their adult life in the former Czechoslovakia. It pay attention to the specifics of the ethnological approach to the research of everyday life, the connection between the representation of the past in its current interpretations, and describes the possibilities and limits of the ethnological research of the past in the present. An essential factor in the interpretation and analysis of research data is the local context and the connection with a small industrial town that developed during the socialist era. The theoretical starting point of the research is the concept of memory, which is thematised from several points of view, while the moment of asymmetry between collective and individual memory is at the centre of analytical interest. The subject of the analysis are the so-called micro-stories that communicate the current view of an ordinary person on their daily life in the past, i.e. in socialism, which is viewed not only as a specific historical epoch, but also as a special type of culture. The chosen perspective is based on the thesis that the perception and experience of lived socialism at the local level can differ significantly from the official interpretation of historical events, while this narrative is recognized as dominant. The chosen ethnological perspective does not seek to reconstruct history; it also notes the role of emotions in the research process and opens up the possibilities of the social significance of biographical research in the present.

14

MEMORY AND LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY

80%

Borbely C. , Halasz P.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2008

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tom 63

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nr 1

143-163

EN

The study surveys the most characteristic features of the cognitive impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and their possible causes through a survey of memory and language impairments. TLE as a chronic neurological disorder most frequently causes manifest changes (usually decrease) in the unfolding and normal functioning of memorial and language processing systems. The impact of epilepsy on cognitive functioning is not negative in all respects always. In certain cases chronic epilepsy and its surgical treatment can release very efficient reorganizations and functional compensations that may decrease the negative cognitive consequences and may provide data on the late plasticity of the human brain.

15

The contribution of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors to its cognitive effects

80%

Braszko J.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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1996

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tom 56

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nr 1

49-554

EN

In this study I attempted to assess, in rats, the role of AT(1) and AT(2) angiotensin receptor subtypes in the phenomenon of improved learning and memory after an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang II (3-7). Selective AT(1) (losartan, 1mg) or AT(2) (CGP 42112 A, 2 mugg) receptor antagonist was dissolved in 2 mugl of saline and given to the left cerebral ventricle 5 min before 1nmol Ang II or Ang II (3-7) injected in the same volume of saline to the right ventricle. Consequently, there were 9 experimental groups which underwent 3 memory oriented and 3 auxiliary tests. Ang II and Ang II (3-7) significantly improved retention of passive avoidance and recognition memory. These effects were abolished by losartan or CPG 42112 A.Better, after Ang II And Ang II (3-7), acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses was unchanged by losartan and abolished by CGP 42112 A. None of the treatments significantly changed rats motor behaviour in open field. Losartan as well as CGP 42112 A abolished significant enhancement of apomorphine (1 mg/kg, ip) stereotypy caused by Ang II and Ang II (3-7). The results suggest considerable involvement of AT(1) and AT(2) angiotensin receptors in the cognitive enhancement produced by angiotensins.

16

Pamięć jako praktyka. Fotografia i troska o wspomnienia

80%

Fereński P. J.

Prace Kulturoznawcze

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2011

|

tom 12

263-271

EN

Convinced that one of the most constitutive properties of photography is making manifest what is absent and not directly visible, the author reflects on the relations between photographic images and memory. He is, however, interested not so much in individual memory as in its collective or cultural dimension. He tries to explain what such forms of memory are, asking who wants to remember what or who wants us to remember what. At the same time, the author wants to establish how historical representations of the past are shaped on the level of image and what types of making the past manifest are the most significant when it comes to forming the memory. He takes the example of Wrocław and its residents to illustrate his argument.

17

Exposition of Wounds--Expanses of Memory in the Work of Joseph Beuys

80%

Nader L.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

189-200

EN

The author offers an analysis of selected aspects of the art of Joseph Beuys focusing on his treatment of memory. Memory, argues the author, can be conceived after Sigmund Freud as an active structure embedded in psyche, or after Mircea Eliade as a power to bring us back to our origins in order to give us a chance to achieve a mystic rebirth. In the case of Beuys, says the author, memory appears both as anamnesis that helps to retrieve a lost universe and as a process that permits to rework personal traumas and injuries caused by civilisation. In his biography and through his art Beuys proposes a model behaviour to prove that a creative and self-conscious existence can also be achieved in a struggle with uneasy past. He thereby fulfils the ideals of the Theory of Social Sculpture.

18

LITERARY EXPERIENCING CULTURAL VISUALISATIONS: AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF (RE)CONSTRUCTION (Doswiadczanie kulturowych wizualizacji. Antropologia (re)konstrukcji)

80%

Lesniakowska M.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2009

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nr 1-2

11-31

EN

The proposed analysis of the category of modernity within the perspective of post-modern critical history of art aims at showing how the relations with an image change where the issue of image as cultural visualisation of experience - i.e. as the speakable language - has been reversed toward a question of experiencing the image. The field of the observation is analysis of the image of a certain (specific) town as a record of social participation in which memory can be watched, i.e. memory becomes visible as a performative category. This is effectuated by means of an aesthetic experience which leads to generation of memory as a cultural experience and to rehabilitation of the notion of emotion and sentimental involvement in perceiving/experiencing art (as in Gernot Boehm). Analysed is a project by young Polish artist Aleksandra Polisiewicz titled 'Wartopia', a project referring to plans and realisation of a Socialist Warsaw appears as a continuation of the project in question. The idea of tabula rasa which governed the fascist plans has namely been implemented by the other totalitarian regime – i.e. communism and its own visions of a Socialist Warsaw that led to an experiment materialised.

19

Electroconvulsive shock-induced impairment of spatial learning is aggravated by nifedipine

80%

Popik P. , Mamczarz J. , Vetulani J.

Polish Journal of Pharmacology

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1993

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tom 45

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nr 2

185-190

EN

Chronic electroconvulsive treatment applied immediately after a training session or with a 15 min delay impairs spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze paradigm, and this impairment is not counteracted, but rather aggravated by co-administration of a calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.

20

The Concept of Memory in 'Matter and Memory' by Henri Bergson

80%

Herbich P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 1(49)

61-75

EN

Relying on two works - 'Matter and Memory' and a study on dreams - the author traces implications of Bergson's metaphysical assumptions. They seem to support not only Bergson's epistemological tenets but also his neurobiological hypotheses. The entire structure of Bergson's philosophy is reviewed in this process - the conception of duration, critique of the spatial projection of mental imagery, the theory of surface and deep ego. Bergson's assumptions combine to make traditional epistemological debates on the character of mental images obsolete. They put in new light mechanisms of remembering, the difference between perception and recollection, the distinction between habitual memory and purposeful recollecting. In the end a new reading of Bergson's metaphysical assumptions is offered, in which the concept of unconsciousness plays a great role and the anti-reductionist stance seems to be vindicated. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to Barbara Skarga and her book 'Czas i trwanie' [Time and duration].