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1

Ksiądz / księża / książę

100%

Czarnecki T.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2013

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tom 2

7-18

EN

The article tries, once again, to explore the etymology of Polish words ksiądz / książę / księża. Since new linguistic and historical facts as well as reconstructions may be presented in this field, the author draws the following conclusions: 1) the Polish term ksiądz comes from the Germanic *kuning, which main meaning could be interpreted as “Franks’ ruler”. The word was borrowed by Slavic languages twice: a) in the first half of the 7th century as a West-Slavic word *kъnędzь; b) in the first half of the 8th century as a South-Slavic word *kъnęgъ. In the second half of the 9th century, the two borrowings meet, which is connected with the Cyril and Methodius’s Christianization in Great Moravia. The word was present in all Slavic languages and its meaning could be interpreted as “the uncrowned ruler of the country” = ‘principes’/Polish ‘książę’. 2) Polish księża (< Slav. *kъnęžьja) is a continuation of a plural form of the Germanic *kuning-, *kuninga. 3) The word książę (< West-Slavonic *kъnęžę) appeared as a derivative of Slavonic *kъnędzь and at first meant ‘a young man who was a member of a ruling family’ and most commonly was ‘the son of a ruler’. 4) At the turn of the 9th and the 10th century Western-Slavonic people changed the meaning of both terms *kъnędzь and *knęžę the first word, both among Czechs and Poles, referred only to the word ‘principes’, whereas the second term began to be understood as “a common prince” or “the uncrowned ruler”. From the 13th century until the 16th century, Polish ksiądz became – under the infl uence of the Czech language – the term for a clergyman (firstly used as the reference only to the bishop, and later as the reference to an ordinary priest).

2

Das germanische Wort für ‘Seehund’ (*selxaz)

86%

Sadziński W. S. , Witczak K. T.

Germanica Wratislaviensia

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2017

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tom 142

285-300

DE

Der germanische Tiername *selxaz m. ‘Robbe’, vorzugsweise ‘Gemeine Robbe, Phoca vitulina L.’, wurde bislang nicht zufriedenstellend vom etymologischen wie morphonologischen Standpunkt her hergeleitet. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dafür plädiert, hierfür in der indogermanischen Protosprache *(t)sel-ə2k-s m. ‘kleines Kriechtier; Schnecke, Schildkröte’, eine diminuierende Suffixbildung – mit dem Suffix *-ə2k- – zum Verbalstamm *(t)sel- ‘kriechen’, als Etymonvorlage anzusetzen. Die damaligen Germanen dürften im Norden den Robben, großen Seesäugetieren, die sich am Lande schwerfällig fortbewegen, begegnet sein. Sie nannten sie dementsprechend *sel-ə2k-o-s m. ‘großes Kriechtier’ > ‘Robbe’ > germ. *selxaz m. ‘Robbe’, indem sie die bereits existierende Suffixbildung *(t)sel-ə2k-s m. ‘kleines Kriechtier’ nunmehr um das Augmentativsuffix *-o- erweitert hatten.

EN

The Germanic term *selxaz m. ‘seal’, especially ‘harbor seal, Phoca vitulina L.’, has not been explained so far from the etymological and morphological point of view. It is suggested in this paper that there was an Indo-European word *(t)sel-ə2k-s m. ‘small crawling animal, snail, tortoise’, derived from the verbal root *(t)sel- ‘to crawl’ by means of the diminutive suffix *-ə2k-. The Proto-Germans in Northern Europe met seals, i.e. big marine mammals, which move on the earth with difficulty. They called this animal *sel-ə2k-o-s m. ‘big crawling animal’ > ‘seal’, hence Gm. *selxaz m. ‘Phoca’.

3

Saving the “Undoomed Man” InBeowulf(572b-573)

72%

Anderson S. S.

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia

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2014

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tom 49

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nr 2

5-31

EN

The maxim Wyrd oft nereð // unfӕgne eorl, / þonne his ellen deah “Fate often spares an undoomed man when his courage avails” (Beowulf 572b-573) has been likened to “Fortune favors the brave,” with little attention to the word unfӕgne, which is often translated “undoomed”. This comparison between proverbs emphasizes personal agency and suggests a contrast between the proverb in 572b-573 and the maxim Gӕð a wyrd swa hio scel “Goes always fate as it must” (Beowulf 455b), which depicts an inexorable wyrd. This paper presents the history of this view and argues that linguistic analysis and further attention to Germanic cognates of (un)fӕge reveal a proverb that harmonizes with 455b. (Un)fӕge and its cognates have meanings related to being brave or cowardly, blessed or accursed, and doomed or undoomed. A similar Old Norse proverb also speaks to the significance of the status of unfӕge men. Furthermore, the prenominal position of unfӕgne is argued to represent a characterizing property of the man. The word unfӕgne is essential to the meaning of this proverb as it indicates not the simple absence of being doomed but the presence of a more complex quality. This interpretive point is significant in that it provides more information about the portrayal of wyrd in Beowulf by clarifying a well-known proverb in the text; it also has implications for future translations of these verses.

4

K menám priamej línie Mojmírovského domu

72%

Pukanec M.

Acta onomastica

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2020

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tom 61

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nr 1

185-193

EN

This paper deals with two names of the direct Mojmir line (Great Moravia, 9th–10th century): *Mojьměrъ/*Mojьmirъ and *Svętěpъlkъ/*Svętopъlkъ. In the paper, the author analyzes three hypotheses concerning the origin of Proto-Slavic onymic elements *-měrъ/-mirъ in the Late Proto-Slavic personal name *Mojьměrъ/*Mojьmirъ > Czech-Slovak Mojmír, attested as Moimar, Moymar ʻMojmir I, ruler of Great Moraviaʼ, and Moymir, Moymarius ʻMojmir II, ruler of Great Moraviaʼ: (1) Proto-Slavic *-měrъ < Proto-Indo-European *meh1-ro- ʻglorious, greatʼ, (2) Proto-Slavic *-měrъ < Proto-Germanic, Gothic mērs ʻgloriousʼ, Proto-Slavic *-mirъ being in both cases secondary, Proto-Slavic *-mirъ < Proto-Slavic *mirъ ʻpeace, worldʼ, Proto-Slavic *-měrъ being secondary, which is rejected, as well as two hypotheses concerning the origin of the Proto-Slavic onymic element *-pъlkъ in the Late Proto-Slavic personal name *Svętěpъlkъ/*Svętopъlkъ > Czech Svatopluk, Slovak Svätopluk, attested as Szuentiepulc, Zuentibald, Zuentebald, Sfentopulch, etc. ʻSvatopluk I, ruler of Great Moraviaʼ, and Zentobolch, Zuentibald ʻSvatopluk II, prince of Great Moraviaʼ: (1) Proto-Slavic *-pъlkъ ʻregiment, crowd, etc.ʼ < Gothic or Longobardic fulk- ʻpeople, multitude, armyʼ < Proto-Indo-European *pel- ʻfill, etc.ʼ, which is more popular, (2) Proto-Slavic *-pъlkъ ʻregiment, house [= clan], etc.ʼ (cf. Old Czech meanings and Proto-Germanic fulg- ʻto followʼ) < Proto-Indo-European *plk- ʻto stand by sb.ʼ, which is more probable. After the discussion, the first personal name is reinterpreted as *Mojiměrъ < Proto-Indo-European *moios ʻmy [regiment, house]ʼ + *meh1-ro- ʻglorious, greatʼ, and the latter one as *Svętěpъlkъ/*Svętopъlkъ < Proto-Slavic *svęt ʻglorious, greatʼ (< Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen- ʻto celebrateʼ) + Proto-Slavic *-pъlkъ ʻregiment, houseʼ.

5

The trust-related terms in the salian franks’ law

58%

Gvelesiani I.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2022

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nr 1

129-141

EN

The trust is one of the most versatile institutes of the Anglo-American law. Many researches have been dedicated to the study of its unique character and evolution. Despite this fact, the issue of the origin of the trust as a legal institute as well as a lexical unit has raised controversy among the legal historians and linguists. Some researchers believe that the trust, i.e. entrusting relationships, has Germanic roots. Others share the theories of its Roman or Islamic origin. The article deals with the theory of the Germanic origin of the trust proposed by the influential scholars - Frankel (2011), Helmholz and Zimmermann (1998) as well as the Justice Holmes (1908) and others. The author makes an attempt to consult the selected Franconian manuscripts of the 6th and the 9th centuries in order to trace possible Franconian influence upon English with regard to the trust-related vocabulary. The research focuses on Title XLVI of Lex Salica / Pactus Legis Salicae that presents Franconian trust-like legal mechanism entitled De acfatmire / affatomie. Simultaneously, it singles out the Franconian-Latin lexical units with the inherent notion of trust / confidence (in truste dominica, in truste regia, antrustio, antrustion, etc.) that are presented in the Franconian monuments of law - Lex Salica and Lex Ripuaria / Lex Ribuaria. These lexical units are defined in accordance to the data of several dictionaries of the English and Dutch languages (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Oudnederlands Woordenboek, Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands, etc.). The additional study considers the word-entries of Lewis’s Middle English Dictionary and the parallel drawn between Old Dutch / Old Franconian and Middle English terminological units that reveal the existence of the evident Franconian-English similarities. The article makes an attempt to show whether the correspondences between the trust-related terms are motivated or accidental. The final results of the carried-out research reveal that the Franconian Lex Salica and its trust-related vocabulary might influence the formation of the concept of entrusting relationships within the Anglo-American law and terminological units related to them. Thus, the detected Franconian-English similarities can be defined as motivated.

LV

Trasts ir viens no universālākajiem angloamerikāņu tiesību institūtiem. Daudzi pētnieciskie darbi ir veltīti tā unikālās būtības un evolūcijas izpētei. Tomēr jautājums par trasta kā tiesību institūta un leksiskās vienības izcelsmi ir raisījis diskusijas tiesību vēsturnieku un valodnieku vidū. Daži pētnieki ir pārliecināti, ka trastam (t.i., uzticības attiecībām) ir ģermāņu saknes. Citi atbalsta teorijas par tā romiešu vai islāmisko izcelsmi. Šajā rakstā tiek izskatīta trasta ģermāņu izcelsmes teorija, kuru piedāvāja daži pētnieki – T. Frankele (2011), R. Helmholcs un R. Cimmermans (1998), kā arī tiesnesis O. Holmss (1908) u.c. Raksta autore analizē 6. un 9. gadsimta Frankonijas manuskriptu izlasi, lai noteiktu iespējamo franku valodas ietekmi uz angļu valodu attiecībā uz terminoloģiju, kas saistīta ar trastu. Pētījums ir orientēts uz Lex Salica / Pactus Legis Salicae XLVI sadaļu, kurā, savukārt, tiek aprakstīts franku trastam līdzīgs tiesiskais mehānisms ar nosaukumu De acfatmire / affatomie. Vienlaikus tajā ir izskatītas franku-latīņu leksiskās vienības ar uzticēšanās nozīmi (in truste dominica, in truste regia, antrustio, antrustion, utt.), kuras ir minētas franku tiesību rakstu pieminekļos - Lex Salica un Lex Ripuaria / Lex Ribuaria. Šīs leksiskās vienības ir definētas saskaņā ar vairāku angļu un holandiešu valodu vārdnīcu datiem (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principals, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Oudnederlands Woordenboek, Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands, utt.). Papildus tam pētījumā tiek analizēti R. Ļjuisa Middle English Dictionary vārdnīcas ieraksti, velkot paralēli ar senholandiešu / senfranku un vidusangļu terminoloģiskajām vienībām, kas liecina par acīmredzamajām analoģijām franku un angļu valodās. Autore mēģina noskaidrot, vai atbilstības starp trasta terminiem ir motivētas vai nejaušas. Veiktā pētījuma gala rezultāti liecina, ka Lex Salica un tajā minētā ar trastu saistītā terminoloģija var ietekmēt angloamerikāņu uzticības attiecību un ar tām saistītās terminoloģijas veidošanos. Tātad, konstatētās atbilstības ar trastu saistītajā franku un angļu terminoloģijā var atzīt par motivētām.

RU

Траст – это один из самых универсальных институтов англо-американского права. Изучению его уникального характера и эволюции посвящено множество исследований. Несмотря на это, вопрос о происхождении траста как правового института, а также как лексической единицы вызывает споры среди лингвистов и историков права. Некоторые исследователи убеждены в том, что траст (то есть доверительные отношения) имеет германские корни. Другие разделяют теории о его римском или исламском происхождении. В статье рассматривается теория германского происхождения траста, предложенная авторитетными учёными – Т. Франкель (2011), Р. Гельмгольц и Р. Циммерман (1998), а также судья О. Холмс (1908) и др. Автором предпринята попытка обратиться к избранным франконским рукописям VI и IX веков с целью выявления предположительного франконского влияния на английский язык в отношении связанной с трастом терминологии. Данное исследование сосредоточено на Разделе XLVI Lex Salica / Pactus Legis Salicae, который является трастовым правовым механизмом под названием De acfatmire / affatomie. Вместе с тем в статье рассматриваются франконско-латинские лексические единицы, основанные на понятии доверия/доверительности (in truste dominica, in truste regia, antrustio, antrustion и т.д.), которые представлены в памятниках права – Lex Salica и Lex Ripuaria / Lex Ribuaria. Эти лексические единицы определены в соответствии с данными нескольких словарей английского и голландского языков (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principals, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Oudnederlands Woordenboek, Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands и др.). В дополнение к этому рассматриваются словарные статьи Middle English Dictionary Р. Льюиса и параллель, проведённая между староголландскими / старофранконскими и среднеанглийскими терминологическими единицами, которые показывают наличие очевидного франконскоанглийского сходства. В статье предпринята попытка показать, являются ли соответствия между терминами траста мотивированными или случайными. Конечные результаты проведённого исследования показывают, что франконский Lex Salica и его связанные с трастом термины могут влиять на формирование концепта доверительных отношений в рамках англо-американского права. Таким образом, обнаруженные соответствия между связанными с трастом франконскими и английскими терминами можно признать мотивированными.