Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

A SHORT OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY AND PROBLEMS OF FRENCH SYMBOLIC ETHNOLOGY

100%

Kuzma I.

Etnografia Polska

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2004

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tom 48

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nr 1-2

113-130

EN

The authoress aims at presenting tendencies, options, debates and evolution of approaches concerning the notion of 'the symbol', ways of studying symbolism, briefly speaking everything that is connected with the French symbolic ethnology. The article is just an attempt to systematize the history and main interests of this discipline in France. Symbolic ethnology in France has been constituted by its main subject: the category of the complex symbolic forms: ritual, holiday, ceremony and narrative. It has undergone an evolution in a 'double' aspect. First, there was an essential change of the general paradigm concerning essence and objectives of scientific cognition. (decline of the Enlightenment paradigm).Then there were 'internal' changes which expressed themselves in debates on denotation of the concepts of 'symbol', 'ritual', 'folk culture', 'traditional' or 'folk' or 'peasant' culture (as until the end of the 1980s the studies of the above mentioned problems and concepts were closely connected). In this article particular emphasis has been put on works concerning forms of Catholic religiousness ( by Albert Piette, Laurence Herault and Jean Cuisenier who studied new contemporary forms of funeral ceremonies).The authoress is also presenting texts showing changing denotations and significance of the concept of 'folk culture'. She tries to explain research methods and interpretations of the French authors: Robert Pannet, Gerard Cholvy, Marie-Helene Froechle-Chopard, Christan Bromberger, Daniel Fabre, Claudine Fabre-Vassas. One can't say that French symbolic ethnology is much ahead of the related disciplines in other countries. In Polish social sciences the 'classic' names of French ethnologists: Marcel Mauss, Claude Levi-Strauss and Emile Durkheim are widely known. Nevertheless, apart from them, the names of the French-language representatives of that discipline are not mentioned very often in Poland. The authors mentioned in this article represent the more important French research centers and deal with the studies on religion and religiousness. This short outline shows us a homogenous image. In the development of the discussed approach many problems and reservations have been appearing resembling those put forward by Polish ethnologists with reference to similar subjects. Specific for this kind of ethnological approach is, that 'folk culture' (or 'culture of folk type') is not identified with 'peasant culture', 'rural culture' any more. French symbolic ethnology studies ritual forms which are seemingly strictly liturgic (particular religious acts of Roman Catholic Church). In their studies they join the interpretation and explanation of the 'social' and 'cultural' dimensions of the phenomena belonging to the 'symbolic sphere' of particular cultures and societies.

2

Francuski system edukacji w perspektywie międzynarodowej na przykładzie szkolnictwa wyższego

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Pachocka M.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

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2013

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nr 4

s169-195

EN

In the 21st century, the education system is evaluated not only on the national or regional level, but also internationally. Globalisation is progressing in all areas of life, including the area of education, research and development, resulting in an increasing interdependence between countries around the world. These processes also apply to France. First, this country has more and more foreigners who are regularly involved in the national education system. In addition, France is actively involved in the process of European integration. This stimulates the movement of people between the Member States of the European Union and increases the need for absorption by the education system of successive generations of children and young people, often non-French speakers. Finally, France seeks to promote its culture and language, and one of the most effective tools in this regard is to educate foreigners, especially foreign students. Those who return to their countries of origin may become ambassadors of French values and culture. In a world that integrates regionally and globally, competitiveness and international attractiveness are key categories for each country that wants to ‘stand out’ in the system of international relations. As a result, the international comparisons and rankings in the field of higher education are becoming increasingly important. This paper refers to the part of the formal process of education in France under the current education system that includes French citizens, foreigners residing in France and persons temporarily studying in that country. The research effort focuses on the analysis and evaluation of selected aspects of the internationalisation of the French higher education system, as well as on its attractiveness and competitiveness on a global scale .

3

FESTIVAL D’AVIGNON – A SHARED CULTURAL EXPERIENCE AS A WAY FORWARD

100%

Knopová E.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2022

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tom 70

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nr 3

296 – 311

EN

This article is a reflection on the 76th edition of the Festival d’Avignon. It provides a brief introduction to the issue of festival in France and presents the research conducted in this field in relation to theatre audiences in the past three years. It also includes shorter reflections on productions by international theatre makers that the author had the opportunity to see at the festival. It analyses the context in which these productions are presented to the public in the festival programme, in dramaturgical and thematic lines (for example, the themes of power, manipulation, sacrifice, defiance of fate, emotions that bind people together or make them go insane), and it also highlights the return of the theatre makers to the basic means of theatre expression instead of complex effects and technologies. There is an imbalance stemming from this: often, productions have an epic and storytelling non-dramatic basis, but their stage form goes back to a theatre of simple and effective images that are based on symbolic theatre signs and acting action. The Festival d’Avignon adheres to the concept of storytelling with initiatory potential and thus can engage theatrically in a better real world. In 2022, it was a post-pandemic challenge for both the theatre and society.

4

De re diplomatica libri sex by Jean Mabillon in Outline

80%

Zouhar J.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2010

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tom 133

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nr 3-4

357-388

EN

In the article I have attempted to describe a 1681 semi-forgotten work of an erudite French Benedictine Jean Mabillon (1632-1707): the De re diplomatica libri sex. Although it is true that this book is just one of his several works, I regard it as the essential one. The work was written by Mabillon to defend the reputation of France and the Benedictine Order, and in particular of the royal abbey of Saint Denis. The good reputation of Saint Denis was endangered by Papenbroeck who came out against the authenticity of many old Benedictine documents (in particular charters) allegedly dating back to the 6th century. By using dated and authentic documents, Mabillon surveyed every aspect of mediaeval charters, creating the field of study known as diplomatics. Mabillon is not the exclusive author of the work: almost the entire 4th book was written by his fellow-worker Dom Michaele Germain. The work, however, was praised by author's contemporaries (Papenbroeck himself was one of the first who recognised the value of the Mabillon's work), until a broad European Republic of Letters finally lost interest in this book. Its renaissance in Western Europe dawned thanks to Benjamin Guerard, and the heyday of studying this work dates from the turn of last decades of the 19th century. The main aim of this study was to remember the work as an example of pioneering and epoch-making works.

5

SYSTÉM ŘÍZENÍ FRANCOUZSKÝCH NÁRODNÍCH MUZEÍ

80%

Prokůpek M.

Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo

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2017

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tom 5

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nr 1

159 – 169

EN

This paper analyses the history and the current state of the French museum system. French state museums have always played an important role in French public life and the government has used museums as symbols of political power and promulgators of ideology. This was most evident during the French revolution when Louvre was first opened and many other state museums were founded. The French museum system has always been strongly centralized both in geographical terms and in terms of administration and funding. Recently, the French government has begun to move away from this model and allow for regional and municipal satellite museums to be built, while at the same time, Louvre and Centre Pompidou were allowed to license their names to branch museums built outside of France (Abu Dhabi and Shanghai). At the same time, there is a movement to decentralize museum administration and management and give them more autonomy.

6

IMMIGRANT RIGHTS VS. EXPULSIONS OF THE ROMA PEOPLE IN FRANCE IN LIGHT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S REACTION (Prawa imigrantów a wysiedlanie Romów we Francji i reakcja Unii Europejskiej)

80%

Stankiewicz W.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2011

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nr 39

159-174

EN

The article first presents how immigration policies determine the norms which European Union countries apply in their law towards immigrants. Next the author deals with the Roma as a national minority living in France where it is not yet recognised as equal to other national or ethnic communities. Even though Romany people are protected by law, yet, due to their cultural dissimilarity, their legal status is unstable. Numerous dilemmas arise, thus making it difficult to accept any official recognition of the Roma as a supranational or national minority. Relations between France and the European Union have deteriorated, since the incident connected with the Roma deportations in 2010. There have been many accusations aimed at the French authorities, and also a threat of bringing proceedings against France before the Court of Justice. The EU strongly condemned France and its immigration policy. This, however, did not change French attitudes towards the Roma. The reaction of the EU did not result in a sudden change in French legislation which aims at preventing an influx of immigrants. In addition, France has introduced special acts to protect the country from a return influx of the Roma minority. The Directive on the free movement of citizens between EU countries has not been fully enforced in France. In the ensuing situation, the ratification of this document will occur in 2011.

7

VPLYV FRANCÚZSKEJ MÓDY NA MÓDNE ZNAČKY V ČESKOSLOVENSKU

80%

Kubalová B. , Pecníková J.

Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie

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2019

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tom 8

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nr 1

15 – 21

EN

Fashion stands on the periphery of intellectual interest. It is considered a fleeting phenomenon of modern society. The concept of fashion is much wider than just the definition of the latest fashion wave. Fashion involves a direct reaction to trends, company development and contemporary culture. The development and impact of fashion brands depends on the cultural and social factors in which the brands are located. The aim of this contribution is to answer questions related to the social and cultural role of this phenomenon. The socio-cultural aspect of trademarks is analysed in the example of brands used in the fashion industry in contrast to two communities – France and Czechoslovakia in the 20th century. The paper analyses the impact of French fashion brands in Czechoslovakia.

8

VÝVOJ V ČESKOSLOVENSKU V PRVEJ POLOVICI ROKA 1968 NA STRÁNKACH PUBLIKOVANÝCH FRANCÚZSKYCH DIPLOMATICKÝCH DOKUMENTOV V KORELÁCII S VÝVINOM ČESKOSLOVENSKO-FRANCÚZSKYCH VZŤAHOV OD VZNIKU ČSR DO PRELOMU ROKOV 1967/1968

80%

Petruf P.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 2

269 – 297

EN

The study is materially based mainly on the published French diplomatic documents relating to the first half of 1968, when the renewal process known as the Czechoslovak Spring was developing in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The first part of the study briefly mentions the main features of Czechoslovak – French relations from the origin of the Czechoslovak Republic in autumn 1918 to the beginning of the renewal process in January 1968. The brief recapitulation of the key events in Czechoslovak – French relations in this period is intended to give the reader a better understanding of the generally restrained attitude of Paris to Prague during the first six months of 1968. In brief, it is possible to say that French government circles looked with sympathy at the developing reform process in Czechoslovakia, but it was not in the centre of their attention. Paris was considering mainly the global framework of international development, in which the reduction of tension between East and West had one of the key roles. Since Moscow played a key part in this process, neglect of its interests appeared to be counter-productive. This largely decided the cautious attitude to developments in Czechoslovakia in the first half of 1968.

9

FRANÇOIS DE TOTT (1733 – 1793). ŽIVOT A DIELO JEDNÉHO OSVIETENÉHO DIPLOMATA

80%

Horbulák Z. , Tóth F.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2019

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tom 67

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nr 2

215 - 239

EN

This study deals with François Baron de Tott (1733–1793), a French diplomat, general and writer. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first, we present the life of the baron, summarizing his positions, diplomatic missions and service to France, as well as his destiny as a representative of the second generation of exiles in France from the Rakoczi revolt who returned to the land of his ancestors. The following part is devoted to the origin of the baronʼs family. This research was done in Slovak archives to prove his Hungarian and Slovak roots. Finally, we analyse de Tottʼs Memoirs, which made the personality of the baron immortal, from the literary, historical, political and personal points of view.

10

A Crossed Look On The Integration Process In France And Britain

80%

Traore M.

Hemispheres. Studies on Cultures and Societies

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2011

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nr 26

87-102

EN

The case of France and the UK illustrate two different approaches when it comes to the integration of ethnic minorities within the larger society. In this paper we found it interesting to indirectly compare the two different approaches. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, in some West European countries, it seems that racism expressed through the rejection of those who are culturally distinct remains more than ever divisive and to some extent an impediment and contradiction to the true process of Democracy. The reasons explaining such phenomenon are without doubt to be found in a certain historical past and heritage.

11

V krajině za zrcadlem. Političtí emigranti v poúnorovém Československu a případ Aymonin

80%

Olsakova D.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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tom 14

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nr 4

719-743

EN

This article considers the unusual phenomenon of exile in Czechoslovakia after the Communist takeover in 1948. It first briefly considers asylum in interwar Czechoslovakia, when, despite many Russian, Ukrainian, and German emigres in the country, the right to political asylum was not legislatively defined, being determined largely by international convention; this was so even after the war. Emigres in Czechoslovakia were granted asylum on the basis of a proposal by the Central Committee of the CPCz, modelled on an article of the Soviet Constitution and codified in the new Czechoslovak Socialist Constitution in 1960. Most Western emigres in Czechoslovakia were Greeks and Macedonians seeking asylum in the Soviet bloc after the Communist defeat in the Greek Civil War. About 12,000 came to Czechoslovakia in 1948–51. The next largest group was Italian, mostly ex-partisans, 214 of whom were in Czechoslovakia in late 1950. Then came the Yugoslavs, 152 in late 1950, opponents to the Tito regime after the split with Stalin. Among the 58 Spaniards, mostly workers and intellectuals opposed to Franco, two, Uribe and Modesto, were leading functionaries of the Spanish Communist Party. Also, 14 Americans emigrated to Czechoslovakia in the mid-1950s, as did people from other countries, including four Frenchmen, in particular the cultural attache Marcel Aymonin, another focus of the article. The author considers Aymonin in the context of Czechoslovak-French relations. Aymonin worked in Czechoslovakia as a teacher in Prague from 1933, then as cultural attache at the French Embassy, and, after the war, as head of the 'Institut Francais', Prague. In late 1949 he was transferred to Sofia. Returning to Prague in 1951 he sought asylum. The authoress seeks to explain what was behind this unexpected act, which was seized upon by Communist propaganda. She too thinks it was the result of Aymonin's opportunism, political intrigues, and, perhaps, love for Czechoslovakia. Aymonin was then employed in Czechoslovakia editing works of the French Stalinist Andre Stil and translating, before returning to France probably after 1968. By then he was already translating works by Kundera and Havel.

12

Regionalne zróżnicowanie rozwoju miast we Francji

80%

Dorocki S.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2012

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nr 3(29)

13-32

EN

The 20th and 21st centuries are the periods of urbanization. In 2008, for the first time the world’s urban population exceeded 50%. This process is driven mainly by technological, economic and social changes. In the case of Europe, “metropolitan Europe” has already become a commonly used name. However, the question arises as to whether the processes of urbanization take place with the same intensity throughout Europe and if there are any regional differences in these changes. This paper attempts to present regional differences in the development of cities in France. As an indicator of development the changes of city population have been adopted. The analysis was based on the number of urban population in France in the years 1965–2007. The analysis of these changes was carried out in relation to various administrative units: regions, departments, units and urban agglomerations (unité urbaine). After analising the changes of the degree of urbanization of regions an attempt was made to create a model of urban development in various regions of France and, on this basis, forecast their future growth. Finally, selected indicators of socio-economic changes have been compared with the rate of urban population changes. This has been aimed at verifying the influence of individual factors on contemporary processes of urbanization.

13

Tradition

80%

Stomma L.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2007

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tom 61

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nr 3-4(278-279)

295-300

EN

Fragment of a book entitled 'Wstyd, dziecinstwo, czas... Antropologia historii' (Shame, Childhood, Time...An Anthropology of History) to be published by SENS. The author follows the historical motifs of the symbol of the cockerel as an 'ersatz' state emblem of France, a country which does not have an official emblem such as the Polish White Eagle. The article contains a plethora of fascinating and astonishing historical digressions.

14

A PHOTOGRAPHIC BREVIARY. 'ZODIAQUE' PUBLICATIONS IN THE 20th CENTURY (Brewiarz fotograficzny. Wydawnictwo 'Zodiaque' w XX wieku)

80%

Lesec C.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2011

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tom 4

144-155

EN

In the 1950s, Christian thought was dominated by the 'debate on sacred art', in which numerous radical and dogmatic viewpoints on the 'revival' of religious art clashed. A group of Benedictine monks challenged the status quo and proposed a new approach to the issue; they laid down their ideas in an art review, which soon became a real publishing enterprise. Zodiaque publications enjoyed wide popularity for nearly fifty years, thanks to their use of photographs, which conveyed history much more poignantly than words. Architecture and sculpture thus gradually became independent of text, and at the same time thoroughly reshaped it. They created new, autonomous features, as if 'anointing' the book as an object; it now became both an object of aesthetic contemplation and an instrument of discovering national heritage.

15

FAKTORY POLITICKÉ NESTABILITY V REPUBLICE KONGO V ŠIRŠÍ PERSPEKTIVĚ

70%

Záhořík J.

Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy

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2010

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tom 3

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nr 2

117 – 131

EN

In this study, the author deals with factors which have contributed to civil wars and public discontents in the Republic of Congo. The basic hypotheses of the text are the following: the conflict in the Republic of Congo was causes by failed democratization process in 1991 – 1997; and the failed democratization process was influenced by a number of internal and external factors including (in)direct intervention of France, insufficient support from international community, and internal political clashes based mostly on ethnoregional platforms. While the first hypothesis arises primarily from internal political realities, including the rule of strong personality, heritage of Communism, and elimination of relevant opposition forces as well as inability to reach a true national consensus, the second deals with political cliché of many African countries which are more or less deponent on foreign economic and political support, especially from the side of former colonial powers.

16

K ÚČASTI SLOVÁKOV V PROTIFAŠISTICKOM ODBOJI VO FRANCÚZSKU

70%

Baláž C.

Vojenská história

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2016

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tom 20

|

nr 1

127 - 131

EN

The author analyses participation of Slovak emigrants – labourers in plants – during the World War II in the French resistance groups. As stated in the study, they distributed illegal press and issued their own illegal bulletins, Naše zvesti (Nos nouvelles – Our News) and Nové Československo (La Tchécoslovaquie nouvelle – New Czechoslovakia). Along with French labourers, many of them participated in sabotages and armed attacks, also implementing several actions enabling the Soviet prisoners of war to escape from the German Concentration Camps in France. Both individuals and groups of Slovak resistance fighters fought under the French, Polish, Romanian and other illegal organizations in Paris and its neighbourhood, Marseille, department Pas-de-Calais, in the southern parts of departments, Corréze and Cantal, Haute-Loire, as well as the Pyrenees and Vosges. The resistance activity of Slovaks living in France culminated by their participation in the Paris Uprising, which was also the climax of the French nation-wide resistance movement. One of the first tasks was to overrun the former Czechoslovak diplomatic buildings in Paris, used by the Germans during occupation. Further combat actions took place in cooperation with the local French resistance units. They fought in the 6th District and built barricades in the 5th District. They also participated in fights at rue Jacob, on the Saint-Germain and Saint-Michel boulevards, at place de la Concorde and L’Étoile, against the German command at the Field Headquaters at Opéra and at L’École militaire. During these operations, fighting along the French units, they captured numerous groups of Germans and seized a lot of weapons and material. Many Slovak participants of the frontline battles and underground resistance movement lost their lives in the fight for freedom and democracy. An interesting part of the study is the section analysing the basic data on 5 Slovak heroes of the French resistance from the World War 2, who were unknown in Slovakia up to now.

17

VPLYV JACQUA COPEAUA NA METODIKU HERECKEJ PRÍPRAVY MICHELA SAINT-DENISA: OD PRAXE ŠKOLY ÉCOLE DU VIEUX-COLOMBIER PO SÚBOR COMPAGNIE DES QUINZE

70%

Corponi C.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2019

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tom 67

|

nr 4

322 – 334

EN

The transmission of actor training is a complex topic within theatre studies. Michel Saint-Denis’ actor pedagogy, often neglected by theatre historians, is an exemplary case study for two main reasons. Firstly, he (Jacques Copeau’s nephew, student and heirs) was the first to translate the acting practices rediscovered in the École du Vieux-Colombier and by the Copiaus group into a fixed method. Secondly, he led and adapted Copeau’s teachings in the Anglophone theatrical world. This study explores the first institutional context created by Saint-Denis that also constitutes the prototype of his pedagogy: the London Theatre Studio, founded in 1935 and active until the outbreak of World War II. The study investigates the transition from an entirely experimental practice – that is, the research undertaken by Copeau with his pupils – to an established method. This system was conceived for transmission, and therefore standardised. Saint-Denis appears to be the custodian of Copeau’s legacy, responsible for translating a combination of experimental workshops into a structured method and for their further development in acting school programmes. Furthermore, upon his relocation from France to England, Saint-Denis contaminates the British theatrical milieu, becoming the link between two different theatre cultures.

18

CHALLENGES OF COLONIAL RULE IN WEST AFRICAN SAHEL – THE CASE OF FRENCH WEST AFRICA 1900 – 1930

70%

Trnovec S.

Asian and African Studies

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2020

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tom 29

|

nr 2

282 – 314

EN

Taking the example of French West Africa, this article addresses specific aspects of the current crisis in the West African Sahel from an historical perspective. Precisely, it focuses primarily on political challenges and some particular aspects of environmental threats in the first decades of the 20th century. Sixty years after their independence from France, the countries in the West African Sahel are considered world-wide as the states in permanent crisis. Their leaders have been accused of an inability to secure peace and stability for their people. This article argues that the study of the period when the Western Sahel was ruled by the French colonial administration may deepen our understanding of the issues important for this region today. Informed by current scholarship and the colonial reports from French West Africa, this article offers some thoughts on the various challenges that the colonial state faced in West African Sahel at the beginning of the 20th century.

19

TRADITION,DECREASING PIETY AND A VAGUE SENSE OF THE DIVINE. FRANCOIS RENE DE CHATEAUBRIAND AND THE CRISIS OF SACRED ART IN THE 19th CENTURY (Polish title below)

60%

Krasny P.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2011

|

tom 4

8-19

EN

(Polish title: Tradycja, stygnaca poboznosc i niejasne odczucie bostwa. Francois René de Chateaubriand a kryzys sztuki religijnej w XIX wieku). Many consider Francois René de Chateaubriand as the thinker primarily responsible for consolidating radically conservative and fideistic attitudes after the French Revolution. It was allegedly under his influence that French sacred art of the 19th century plunged into an era of barren historicism, which identified religious significance with allusions to the artistic tradition of the pre-revolutionary state. The origins of this idea are commonly traced back to Chateaubriand's statements on art in his apologetic treatise entitled The Genius of Christianity [Génie du Christianisme] It is should be noted, however, that these reflections are limited to but a dozen pages in the book, and it would be a futile attempt to use them as specific guidance on how sacred art should be created. Evident in these pages is Chateaubriand's admiration for the architecture of Gothic cathedrals, which evoke in him 'a kind of awe and a vague sentiment of the Divinity'; he is clearly awed by their solemn ambience, reverberating with echoes of past ages, which 'raise their venerable voices from the bosom of the stones, and are heard in every corner of the vast cathedral.' These statements may indeed be easily read as an encouragement to build churches in a neo-Gothic style, which will always appeal to the common folk. It should be borne in mind, however, that the neo-Gothic rose to prominence in French art thirty years after the publication of The Genius of Christianity. If we assume that the book was treated as an inspiration for reviving past architectural solutions, it may strike us as surprising that the motifs chosen often went directly against Chateaubriand's actual recommendations. At the beginning of the 19th century, French religious art returned to the forms of classicizing baroque and early classicism, which were criticized by Chateaubriand for their pagan origins and their inability to inspire true Christian piety. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the choice of 'retrospective' solutions was influenced by the The Genius of Christianity; rather, it was informed by specific academic tastes dominant in the French artistic milieu at the time and the ideal of 'restoring' French religious art to what it used to be before the iconoclasm and de-christianization championed by the French Revolution.

20

Výzkum pozdně středověkých náboženských dějin ve Francii. Bilance a perspektivy

60%

Vincent C.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2009

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tom 107

|

nr 2

385-399

EN

This study is devoted to French research into religious history during the Late Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries). It focuses upon research done from the 1970s until the present day, inclusive of current projects, recently published works and works about to be published.