Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

LYING AS A COMPONENT OF THERAPY

100%

Aszyk P.

Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej

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2007

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nr 8

29-45

EN

There is not common agreement among doctors and ethicists about permission to lie to the patient in order to support the process of healing and cure. The article shows various moral attitudes to the use of lying during therapy. Practitioners, as well as, ethicists offer arguments for and against particular clinical practices. However, analyses lead to the truthfulness as the best approach which respects ones rights. There is not place for exceptions. With sufficient care and support from medical staff, the obligation to tell the truth always, even if it is very difficult element of therapy, serves the patient in the best possible way.

2

K Meinongově etické koncepci

100%

Hala V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2004

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tom 52

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nr 3

371-391

EN

The author focuses on the interpretation of the basic questions in A. Meinong's conception of ethics. He sets out from Meinong's theory of objects, in which he sees the foundation of the conception, especially in so far as is concerned the application of its basic categories - objects, objectives, dignitatives and desideratives - to the axiological and ethical fields. The author emphasises that it is the general theory of values that is of defining significance for Meinong's conception of ethics. Among the various distributions within the field of values the key one is considered to be Meinong's distinction between personal and impersonal values. The author considers the defining position of values towards 'Sollen' to be another of Meinong's fundamental thoughts. The author also examines Meinong's attempt to observe apriori laws within the sphere of dignitatives and desideratives. Emphasised in the overall assessment is that a serious handicap in Meinong's interpretation of philosophical ideas is the complexity and at times even the obscurity of his expression. At the same time the author points to the renewed interest in the subjects of Meinong's philosophy, especially in the English-speaking world and in Austria.

3

Etyczna ocena różnic dotyczących praktyk eutanazyjnych w Holandii i Niemczech

100%

Birnbcher D.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2007

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tom 2

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nr 2

109-118

EN

The article concerns the discussion on approach to euthanasia in modern Europe. The main interest here is the practice of euthanasia in Germany and The Netherlands, two countries where this phenomenon occurs mostly. The article describes two variations of these practices, concerning mostly the question of active acceptance by the patient. It also concerns the ethical and legislative evaluation of these practices. The conducted analysis show that – which is in accordance with the opinion of its opponents – the euthanasia too often replaces the proper medical treatment of the patient and becomes an easy method of removing the patient, even without his explicit consent.

4

GRATITUDE AS A SOURCE OF MORAL OBLIGATIONS

100%

Niemczyk F.

Etyka (Ethics)

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2007

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nr 40

93-114

EN

Three are three dominant ways in which the relation of gratitude is described in moral philosophy - as a debt, as an appropriate emotion or as a virtue. Although the debt theory is coherent and clear, it must be complemented with a psychological account of the relation between the giver and the recipient of a favor. A virtue based account of gratitude in turn moves the limits of what is morally significant too far. The conditions under which one is obliged to express gratitude comprise both motives of the giver and the recipient and the circumstances in which the favor was done. Egoistic motivation, coercion or lack of intentionality in the initial act of favor make it impossible to talk about the recipient's obligations. One should also exercise caution in the use of the idea of claim or right to gratitude.

5

Nauka etyki w szkołach publicznych w ujęciu prawnym

100%

Zieliński T. J.

Studia z Teorii Wychowania

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2013

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nr 1(6)

23-47

EN

The article is about teaching of ethics in public schools, seen from the legal aspect and describes the differences between teaching religion and ethics in public schools.

6

EUTANÁZIA AKO AKT POSLEDNEJ VÔLE ČLOVEKA

100%

Szanyi N.

Verba Theologica. Teologický časopis

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2017

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tom 16

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nr 2

59 – 72

EN

This article deals with the phenomenon of euthanasia. It refers to the issue of understanding human death and the ongoing discusion on this topic. At first it presents the definition of euthanasia and it tries to describe what the concept of euthanasia means. In the second part, it draws attention to the opinions and views on the topic of euthanasia from selected German authors, who refuse classical arguments to justify the legitimacy of euthanasia and present arguments against it. Finally, the article contains a summary of the most important recent arguments about euthanasia and draws attention to the importance of assessing the intent of the act and the difference between the terms killing and letting die.

7

ON THE ETHICS OF THE POLISH HUMANIST

100%

Szacki J.

Przegląd Filozoficzno-Literacki

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2008

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tom 6

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nr 2-3(20)

185-193

EN

In this paper, the author focuses on the ethics of the (Polish) humanist. He tries to emphasize the proper domain of his moral reflection. This domain is not reducible to prescriptions of general ethics, not even so-called ethics of science. It is because of the fact that the work of the humanist is characterized by commitment to the special ideal of truth. It is not necessarily an universal truth. Its sources are so-called extra-scientific values - religion, national solidarity, the well-being of humanity defined in terms of some ideology. The moral aspect of the humanist work manifests in minimizing the damages caused by the presence of extra-scientific values and in executing the rules of the good work.

8

K POJMU VOĽBY SEBA SAMÉHO V KIERKEGAARDOVOM DIELE BUĎ – ALEBO

80%

Petkanič M.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2014

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tom 69

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nr 5

388 – 398

EN

The paper offers an interpretation of Kierkegaard’s original concept of self-choice, which is as a key ethical category in his book Either-Or. The main intention is to shed light on some basic aspects of self-choice, such as the three constitutive parts of choice (freedom, principle of contradiction, and passion) and the two movements in choice (isolation, continuity). The last part of the paper focuses on the issues of criterionlessness and irrationality of choice.

9

CICERO A ZDROJE STOICKEJ ARGUMENTÁCIE V SPISE PARADOXA STOICORUM (CIC. PARAD. 20 – 26)

80%

Fraňo P.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2019

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tom 74

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nr 6

472 – 484

EN

The paper deals with the analyses of the third paradox from the Cicero's work Stoic Paradoxes (Cic. Parad. 20 – 26). This paradox is trying to defend the controversial stoic claim, that sins and virtues are alike (Aequalia esse peccata et recte facta). In the paper the author tries to present two interpretative solutions to the question of determining the sources of stoic ideas in this paradox. The first solution suggests that Cicero argues here with the ideas of early Stoicism and approaches the philosophical view of Panaetius as a representative of Middle Stoicism. The second solution interprets this passage in terms of early Stoicism. The author of the study is finally inclined to conclude, that it is more probable that Cicero based this passage on early Stoic sources.

10

KIERKEGAARD, ŠKANDALÓZNOSŤ VIERY

80%

Andrina T.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2014

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tom 69

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nr 5

416 – 422

EN

What is the leap of faith? Is it a “suspension of the ethical”, suspension of the other in a moment of self-transformation of the knight of faith, or is it a monstrous paradox, the inherent ambiguity of existence and impossibility of ethics? – Revealed not just in the problem of “the other of the Other”, but also in the monstrous (feminine Christ's) body for others. Our last question is, how does this aversion influence not only faith as such, but also the possible subversion of “given” norms and values.

11

Kant and the Problem of Moral Motivation

80%

Ameriks K.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 4(52)

167-182

EN

The problem of moral motivation, or speaking more generally, the question, why we should follow demands of 'pure reason' rather than inclinations 'contingent nature', is of an essential importance to those who seem not to be satisfied with Kant,s approach to practical philosophy. But their position, most elequently expressed in the philosophy found in English language publications, is rather simplistic and it tends to separate the question of conflicting claims of reason and nature from the rest of Kant's philosophy. Thus despite the fact that Kant's ethics has enjoyed a renewed interest in analytic philosophy recently, it is typically subordinated to other ethical positions, such as utilitarianism, expressivism, a theory of virtues (Aristotelian or Humean), or various anti-theoretic forms of particularism. Proponents of these theories go in the footsteps of Foot, Williams, McDowell or Blackburn and reject all kinds of moral theories that resemble Kant's ethics too closely. It seems consequently necessary to venture beyond the proper field of Kant's scholarship when one wants to reach wider public. Which in turn means that it is advisable to raise a more general question: What issues should be included in every perspicuous and reliable moral theory? The author starts to discuss this problem in a neutral language (part one) in order to be able to defend Kant against most common objections (part two) to his ethics, then he reconstructs Kant's theory of motivation (part three) by pointing to some salient features of that theory which unfortunately has been either neglected or overlooked.

12

THE THREAT OF LONGTERMISM: IS ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHE AN EXISTENTIAL RISK? DISILLUSIONED IDEALS FOR A BOLD, NEW FUTURE

80%

Hicks S. F. , Janus D.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2023

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tom 78

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nr suppl.

133 – 148

EN

In a world of rapidly advancing technological innovation, a case has been made to prioritize potential long-term benefits to future generations over the interests of those currently alive. Proponents of this approach, called longtermists, support investments in technology to avoid existential risks. They claim technology will eventually “solve” climate change, while ignoring techno-power reduction as a potential solution to global environmental catastrophe. Democratic control over technology mitigates some of these harms, yet falls short of the authors’ proposed level of oversight. In this paper, we consider the ethical hazards of longtermists’ stance. An ethical dilemma emerges from the devastating effect some technological advancements have on the environment. While we recognize the merits of long-term thinking, we argue longtermists’ prioritization consolidates power among few technocrats. This prioritization exacerbates existing inequalities instead of redistributing economic and political power to communities most affected by climate change. We posit this trade-off to be unethical.

13

Vzájemné uzásadnění ontologie a etiky

80%

Říha K.

Studia theologica

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2005

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tom 7

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nr 1

30-40

EN

Metaphysics and Ethics as natural dispositions of the human being are - in a mutually opposite way - the expression of the transcendentality of human spirit. The transcendentality is, as such, not comprehendible by our conceptions. It can be demonstrated as unavoidable only by an indirect and negative argument, in that it is necessarily presupposed in each attempt of contesting it. But from this argument cannot be deducted any content of Metaphysics and Ethics. When we attempt a positive argument by the reflection of self-awareness or by the necessity of self-assertion, we fall in an endless regress. According to Kant, Ethics is grounded in the 'pure fact of reason'. But any fact itself requires a ground. Metaphysics cannot yield this ground, according to Hume's 'razor'. On the other hand, Metaphysics cannot be founded in Ethics, as Levinas thinks, for the relation to the 'face' of an Other has no theoretical evidence. Ethics as universally obligatory is nevertheless bounded on the principle of non-contradiction of thinking, and the principle of non-contradiction can be justified only by the ethical duty to participate in the dialogue concerning the existence of truth. This mutual necessity refers to the mutual foundation of Metaphysics and Ethics. In this mutual foundation of the unconditioned principles there is the 'utopian place' of the absolute truth of Metaphysics and the absolute validity of Ethics.

14

Reklama bez zasad etycznych?

80%

Slomski W.

Contemporary Economics

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2007

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nr 4(4)

89-102

EN

The article replies to the question, whether the advertisement can exist without ethical principles or ethics should be the basis of the advertisement. One can say that the ethical opinion of the advertisement does not depend on content and the form of advertising content exclusively, but also on recipient's consciousness. The advertisement appeals to the emotions more than to the intellect, thus restricting the area of conscious and based on rational premises choice, so it is morally bad. It is not that the moral evil immanently underlines the advertisement, but it concerns the mechanisms which cause that the advertisement turns out to be effective. The only admissible form of the advertisement would be the reliable full information about the advantages and flaws of the concrete advertised product. The only admissible form of the advertisement would be the reliable full information about the advantages and defects of the concrete advertised product. The most serious difficulty connected with the ethical opinion of the advertisement is the fact that the advertisement is the indispensable link of the present economy, and everyone who accepts the free market and perceives the positives of the economic growth, should also accept the advertisement. The advertisement constitutes the element of the economic activity, so in consequence the responsibility first of all lies with enterprises for its far-reaching results.

15

TWO DECADES OF POSTMODERN ETHICS. AN ANALYSIS OF THE CRITIQUE AND THE EVOLUTION OF ZYGMUNT BAUMAN'S ETHICAL THOUGHT

80%

Brzezinski D.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2008

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nr 3(190)

7-41

EN

Ethics has been one of the main fields of Zygmunt Bauman's interests for the last two decades. His papers considering this topic have a considerable impact on contemporary humanities. The idea of 'the moral party of two', developed by the Polish sociologist, contributed to the development of ethical thought and, for example, influenced the new trends in the debate on post-modernity. On the othe hand, this concept has been widely criticized, which is one of the issues discussed in this paper. The author demonstrates that if Bauman's ethical concepts are considered in the context of the foundations of his sociology, and account being taken of the way of writing distinctive for this sociologist, certain controversial aspects of postmodern ethics could be evaluated as functional. Another aim of this paper is to present the evolution of Bauman's ethical thought, which can be seen as twofold. On the one hand, it is the considerable enlargement of the part the individual responsibility is given in Bauman's thought, on the other - his including in the ethical thought the reflection on the role of the political structures in the settings of the collective rules. The author emphasizes that by making such changes Bauman does not deny the constitutive features of his idea of morality, but supplements it and tries to adjust it to the current sociocultural changes.

16

THE ETHICAL DIMENSION OF CONSUMPTION IN THE LIGHT OF CHALLENGES OF XXI CENTURY (Etyczny wymiar konsumpcji w swietle wyzwan XXI wieku)

80%

Wildowicz-Giergiel A.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2009

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nr 1(41)

3-17

EN

This article is an attempt to look at consumption from an ethical point of view. It highlihts social and ecological consequences of ethical consumption that indispensably accompany the consumption process, which was already discerned in 1970s. In this context the notions of both ethical consumption and ethical consument are formulated. According to such approach the ethical consumer, having taken full moral responsibility for the amount and quality of goods and services which he consumes is able to minimize the side effects which are perceived as a result of an imperfect market mechanism. The ethical premises form the basis for the environmentalism of consumption. The ecological movements, in turn, represented a contribution to the development of the contemporary consumer movement referred to as ethical consumerism. Ethical consumers, considering consumption in terms of ethics, are trying to make consumer decisions taking into account the way in which commodities are manufactured, distributed, used and utilized. The spread of the idea of ethical consumer among societies of developed countries allowed not only the development of a certain kind of ecological consciousness but also contributed to a greater sensitivity to the problem that is inseparably connected with consumption.

17

'Methodenstreit', subject, phronesis. Interpretation of the opposition 'humanitites vs. science' and its effect on understanding ethics, politics and the subject

80%

Nowak A. W.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2006

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nr 6(102)

137-146

EN

The author attempts at analyzing the question of subjectivity in the context of broadly defined epistemology and methodology of humanities and science. Employing theories of I. Wallerstein and B. Latour, the athor discusses transformations in understanding and interpreting the concept of the subject.

18

The Hell of Having to Face the Truth

80%

Holowka J.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2005

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tom 14

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nr 4(56)

317-331

EN

Two different interpretations of 'Huis clos' are proposed and both are presented as plausible. In the first reading the three protagonists are viewed as victims of the traditional, repressive society. Their difficulties are a result of social discrimination and stubborn adherence to stale morality of sham decency. In the second reading the three characters are viewed as selfish and inconsistent individuals who eagerly satisfy their desires and shamelessly neglect other people's needs. Now their difficulties are fully deserved as a punishment for cultivation of false ideas about their remarkable achievements, grand roles and fictitious obligations to others. Though both reading are plausible, the author argues that the second is more interesting and more characteristic of Sartre's philosophy. To sustain this claim the author offers a new, and rather unorthodox, interpretation of the concepts of 'etre-pour-autrui' and 'etre-pour-soi'. He concludes by presenting Sartre as a champion of an intellectualist ethics based on the concept of authentic life and a critical scrutiny of human motives.

19

SEBAINTERPRETATÍVNOSŤ A ETIKA

80%

Palovičová Z.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2006

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tom 61

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nr 9

699-713

EN

The objective of the paper is to examine the question, in what sense does the idea of humans as the self-interpreting beings modify the understanding of ethics, namely, if the idea of self-interpretation changes the understanding humans as the moral beings. Can the will to define oneself as a member of a moral community be seen as the background of moral behavior, or is the moral dimension inseparably connected with the human identity? The resolution of the first question can show us the appropriate approach to the problem of the nature of the morals. Tylor's interpretation of the idea of self-interpretation will serve as the argumentation basis. His works can be namely taken as perhaps the most reasonable and systematic explanation of how to understand ethics in our days.

20

ETIKA BÁDATEĽA VO VZŤAHU K MINULOSTI A SÚČASNOSTI

80%

Švorc P.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 4

631 – 638

EN

The ethical dimension of the work of the historian is multi-dimensional. It is most frequently associated with trivial failure to respect rights of authorship or not mentioning the sources from which a historian drew information, which is perceived as unethical by the lay public as well as the by the professionals. However, the relationship of a researcher to the past and so also his interpretation of the events is hidden from the eyes of the public and difficult to uncover even for experts. It is determined by many factors, especially the fact that a researcher belongs to a particular group in the population and holds its values. This penetrates into his evaluation and description of the past, sometimes leading to under thrusting of the public with his own or group „truth“. The question of the ethical behaviour of the historian appears at this point. It is more serious because the work of a historian is difficult to monitor but has a real impact on society.