Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

INFANT MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWNS OF FRYDEK AND MISTEK AT THE TIME OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION FROM THE OLD REGIME TO THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE REGIME

100%

Lipovski R.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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tom 31

21-48

EN

Frequent deaths of children deeply influenced the general death rate in the past. The curve of infant mortality nearly created the curve of general mortality, because very many new-borns died during the first year of life. This was affected by the standard of breastfeeding in a given society, so the rate of infant mortality was markedly different locally. The infant mortality in towns of Frydek and Mistek kept above 500 per mille until the mid-19th century and it droped below this limit as late as the second half of the 19th century, though slightly. In Frydek, the perinatal mortality was lower, but the foetal mortality was higher than in Mistek. Causes of deaths were taken into account too, nevertheless only within the classification of diseases used at that time, it means especially the rate of various accidents, including abortions, the extent of influence that infectious diseases and avitaminosis exerted on the death rate.

2

A PORTRAIT OF LÉVI-STRAUSS AS A DEMOGRAPHER: AN ESSAY IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF SCIENCE (Portret Levi-Straussa jako demografa: esej z antropologii nauki)

100%

Stoczkowski W.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2009

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tom 63

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nr 3(286)

177-187

EN

Claude Lévi-Strauss frequently expressed the opinion (also in a conversation with the author of this article) that the greatest cataclysm he had witnessed is the inconceivable growth of the human population. As a rule, researchers studying his works are embarrassed by this declaration. Nonetheless, the author shows how a correct comprehension of the demographic aspects of the vision of the world proposed by Lévi-Strauss is indispensable for a suitable interpretation of all of his works, written by a moralist trying to concisely discover the reason for the evil present in the contemporary world and to find means that could save mankind from that evil.

3

THE DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OF 'DISGRACED' WOMEN IN THE ESTATE OF JINDRICHUV HRADEC IN THE 17TH AND THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY

100%

Dibelka J.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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tom 31

5-20

EN

The study draws on research on interrogation records connected with vice crime in the Jindrichuv Hradec estate in the years 1670-1710. In 142 cases handled, criminal fornication was by far the most prevalent crime and it was the easiest offence to prove. However, the women offenders, who were usually between 20 and 30 years of age, did not have to worry just about punishment from the authorities, as a woman was above all at risk of losing her honour. Therefore women used various defensive strategies that were intended to ensure them the least possible damage to their honour and could even help them to restore it. Most often a woman defended herself with the claim that prior to sexual intercourse her partner had offered her marriage. If that claim proved true, the woman's behaviour was regarded to some degree as legitimate. Another possible defensive strategy was to accuse the man of rape or throw blame on someone else. Both men and women tended to cite their alleged drunkenness as a mitigating circumstance. However, many women and men accused of criminal fornication never served their sentences

4

MARRIAGE RATES ON THE NORTH BOHEMIAN ESTATE OF HORNI POLICE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY (MEANS OF ESTIMATING MARRIAGE RATES BEFORE THE INTRODUCTION OF STATISTICS)

100%

Seligova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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tom 29

29-52

EN

In Czech historical demography the study of nuptiality is usually based on parish registers. This articles infoms of posibility of using of serf lists. These offer a somewhat different perspective - the determining of the marriage rate for a period in which there were no statistics. However it is possible to reconstruct the number of inhabitants in a parish by means of inverse projections. An alternative means of attaining a rough estimate of the marriage rate is to work with the population documented in the serf lists. In this case the procedure is to relate the number of newly married to the number of all documented serfs in each individual year. These methods were applied to the parish of Horni Police on the one hand and the estate of Horni Police on the other. In the first case a rough estimate of the marriage rate was around 8-9 marriages per 1000 inhabitants in the parish per year. In the second case the marriage rate appears to be somewhat lower, with 6-7 new marriages per 1000 registered serfs per year.

5

Reproduction Capacity from an Economic Perspective and Demography of the Future

100%

Szoltysek M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2005

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tom 65

25-53

EN

Since the 1950s the micro-economic approach has become a permanent part of analyses dealing with the transformations of procreation attitudes in European and American societies from the end of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, the application of economic theories of reproduction capacity in demographic and demographic-historical research is accompanied by controversies. The intention of this article is to present the economic theories which assumed shape in the USA and which explain procreation behaviour within the range of the neoclassical economy paradigm. The heuristic value of the considered theories is then discussed within the context of several selected demographic-historical issues. The first part of the article outlines the accomplishments of the three most influential researchers: the Leibenstein general model of the dependence between the population growth and the per capita income level, as well as his explanation of the stages of demographic transformations within economic progress; the Becker's formal economic calculation model relating to reproduction capacity and his interpretation of the process of reproduction changes; and the theories of R.A. Easterlin, treated as the missing link in the economic theory of reproduction capacity. The first to be discussed is his intergenerational relative income hypothesis, followed by the threshold of fertility regulation hypothesis. Part two examines those theories from the viewpoint of historical demography. The author underlines the fact that they contributed a certain methodological rigour (conceptualisation, operationalisation, quantification) to an analysis of the demographic processes of the past. At the same time, he stresses the problems introduced by the economic approach into the analysis of procreation behaviour (abstract models of human behaviour in place of conceptualisation; the assumption of the universal nature of maximising and rational behaviour; overlooking the importance of relations between the sexes in the reproduction process). The author also indicates elements of economic theories incompatible with material obtained from demographic-historical studies: the existence of 'traditional contraceptive cultures'; the significance of offspring as a source of social security and intergenerational conflicts caused by the right of inheritance; a differentiation of the parents' preferences 'vis a vis' their offspring due to the latter's gender, and others.

6

THE GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY OF THE SERF POPULATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY AS RECORDED IN THE SERF ROLLS

100%

Seligova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

|

2004

|

tom 28

55-109

EN

A study of four localities in Horni Police in 1710-1725 confirmed that people most often migrated at the age of 20-35 years. People of that age left home most often for the purpose of marriage. Typical for people over 35 years of age was the tendency to remain in one place, and typical for people over 50 years of age was their elimination from the records of the serf rolls, almost exclusively as a result of their death. Children up to the age of 15 tended to move with their parents.

7

POPULATION DEVELOPMENTS IN PRAGUE IN 1650-1800 BASED ON OFFICIAL REGISTERS

80%

Fialova L.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

|

2006

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tom 30

219-276

EN

The article analyses data obtained from anonymous excerpts of records from the parish registers for the historical centre of Prague. It was found that the city's growth was fed primarily by immigration, as the high mortality rates hindered growth by natural increase. The level of infant and child mortality observed was on the whole higher than what was found in other locations in the Czech lands. Even in Prague in the 17th and 18th centuries features of the 'urban' reproductive regime were discovered: low nuptiality, a low fertility rate, and conversely a high mortality rate. A specific feature was the structural changes in fertility toward the end of the 18th century, with an unprecedented increase in the number of children born to unmarried mothers (mostly of whom were originally from outside Prague). The stagnation of population growth in Prague at the end of the Thirty Years War continued into the 1660-70s and the population only began growing again in the 1680s. This positive development was interrupted in the 1730s and then especially during the wars in the middle of the 18th century, but toward the end of the 18th century the pace of population growth began to accelerate.

8

THE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION IN THE POST-SOVIET REPUBLICS AT THE TURN OF THE 21ST CENTURY

80%

Eberhardt P.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2008

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nr 32

63-86

EN

The aim of the paper is to determine the number of the Russian population in the last phase of existence of the Soviet Union, and then to show the demographic consequences of the disintegration of this great empire. The spatial reference units are the federal republics, which turned at the beginning of the 1990s into sovereign states. Statistical analysis was carried out, showing the increase of the Russian population in the second half of the 20th century. The analysis was based on the population censuses in the USSR in 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. According to the last of these censuses the territory of the Soviet Union was inhabited by 286.1 million people, of whom 145.2 million declared to be of the Russian nationality. Most of them inhabited the Russian SSR, namely 119.9 million. The remaining 25.2 million of them were dispersed in the other 14 federal republics. The collapse of the communist system led to a new political situation. The consequence of the abrupt disintegration processes was appearance of the ethnic conflicts and mass migration movements. In the new sovereign countries the Russians did not play the hegemonic role any more. The worsening of their citizenship status and economic hardships caused mass exodus of the Russian population, leaving the new sovereign states. Russians moved primarily to the Russian Federation. These mass migrations, as well as the net result of the natural demographic processes, affected the ethnic structures of the post-Soviet republics, and especially the numbers of Russians living there. Determination of the scale of this phenomenon required a statistical analysis and then an evaluation from the point of view of the nature of processes taking place. The basis with this respect was provided by the population census carried out in the Russian Federation in 2002, and the censuses in the other post-Soviet republics. It turned out that the population of the entire post-Soviet territory was stable, but this was the effect of a significant demographic regress of the Slavonic countries, the Baltic states, Moldavia, Armenia and Georgia, with the simultaneous significant increase of population numbers in all the Muslim countries. Yet, the biggest changes in the numbers and in distribution affected the population of Russian nationality. During just a bit more than a decade the number of the inhabitants declaring the Russian nationality dropped by close to 12 million, of which - on the territory of the Russian Federation - by roughly 4 million, while in the remaining post-Soviet republics - by close to 8 million. This great demographic decrease was territorially differentiated. The paper explains the respective phenomena. The problems, associated with migrations, lowered birth rates, high mortality, and ageing of the Russian population became the object of an extensive debate national in Russia. This debate is not limited to only the demographic problems, and the economic, social, and especially the geopolitical consequences are discussed, as well. Thus, the paper also provides relevant comments.

9

Problematyka demograficzna tzw. ściany wschodniej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

80%

Eberhardt P.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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2011

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tom 3(39)

271-291

EN

The article presents demographic changes occurring in the borderland area situated in the immediate neighborhood of the Polish-Lithuanian, Polish-Byelorussian and Polish-Ukrainian borders. In the Polish specialist literature the area is called “the Eastern Wall”. The author draws the reader’s attention to the lack of precision of this term and to the freedom with which it is used, as well as to the fact that with time it has been assuming a negative meaning. In order to check the research hypothesis saying that there are de-population areas near the eastern border of Poland an empirical analysis has been made. On the basis of statistical documents demographic changes have been presented and commented on, according to the three levels of local government administration (województwo, powiat, gmina). The most interesting facts have been revealed by an analysis of the lowest level units (gmina). Information has been compared about their population, according to five time points (1970, 1978, 1988, 1996, 2008). This has made it possible to define the demographic dynamics. The results are unambiguous, and they show that nearly all the studied gminas are characterized by demographic regress. The rate of decrease in their population has been accelerating with time. Depopulation processes are result of a negative migration balance and of the natural drop. The decreasing number of births is connected with an increase in death rate. The opinion about the existence of the so-called “Eastern Wall”, in which negative demographic-social processes are cumulated has been confirmed by facts. Empirical analysis based on the data from three first level units (województwo), 16 second level units (powiat) and 51 third level units (gmina) has showed that the discussed eastern part of the borderland is not homogeneous and it is spatially differentiated. It has been revealed that each of the borderland segments has its own, clearly distinguished, demographic specificity. The most unfavorable demographic situation, which is connected with the increasing depopulation processes, obtains in the central part of the Polish eastern border. The area is situated along the Polish-Byelorussian border, and partly at the northern part of the Polish-Ukrainian border. At this borderland segment, more than 600 km long, we see several negative phenomena and demographic processes overlapping, which in the future may lead to a complete depopulation of the borderland areas. This will give significant economic consequences. In the conclusion attempts are made to show that studies of the borderland areas not only have a great cognitive significance, but a planning significance as well, since they may be a premise for creating programs activating the area.

10

DEMOGRAPHY OF THE CONTEMPORARY POLISH CHILDHOOD (Demografia polskiego wspólczesnego dziecinstwa)

80%

Szukalski P.

Polityka Społeczna

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2009

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tom 36

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nr 9(426)

2-5

EN

The last dozen or so years is a time of rapid changes in demographic processes in Poland. The aim of the paper is to focus on demographic component of social and material status of the Polish children. The attention was paid to demographic threatens (mortality, orphanhood, increase in non-marital parenthood, teenagers' fertility, concentration of births in disfavored social strata) and to opportunities (decrease in family size, increase in probability of living in multigenerational families).

11

Z badań nad prokreacją magnaterii Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w XVI–XVIII wieku

80%

Liedke M.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2010

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tom 29

7-27

EN

The text presents the initial results of research on the demography of magnates in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author analysed three families: the Radziwiłł, Sanguszko and Chodkiewicz families. She studied the duration of marriages, the number of children in the marriages, the age of male representatives of the families when they married, as well as the age of the women they married. The study was based on published sources, manuscripts, genealogy works, family monographs and biographies. In these three families men married when they were on average slightly over 33 years old; the average age at first marriage was 27 years and at remarriage — about 39 years. Women married at the average age of 20; the average age at first marriage was over 19 years and at second — 23 years. Marriages (114 total) lasted on average 14.2 years; they were shorter in the 16th and the 17th century (about 12 years) and longer in the 18th century (about 18 years). First marriages (80 total) lasted on average 15.5 years (median: 12 years), and second — 11 years (median: 8 years). In all marriages the average number of children was 2.8 children per couple (median: 2), and the number of children surviving to adulthood was 2 per couple. The average number of children in first marriages was higher than in remarriages. Almost three-fourths of children surviving to adulthood were born in first marriages. About half of remarriages were childless. Judging by the results of these three families, fewer children were born to the magnates than to other social groups, but the survival rate of magnate children (71%) was higher than that of children in other groups. Taking into account the survival rate of male descendants, we can see that there was no complete generation renewal in these three families.

12

DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PARISH OF LOCHENICE, 1784-1900

80%

Kalouskova V.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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tom 30

67-143

EN

This study describes the history of the parish of Lochenice from the perspective of historical demography. The parish was located in a valley on the Elbe River, and their inhabitants mainly worked in agriculture. The data are based on records from registers of births, weddings and deaths and the method of anonymous excerption was used. It is possible to observe an increase in the age of first-time spouses in the first half of the 19th century (the maximum age of men was about 29 and women about 27), followed by slight successive decreases again. The beginning of the 19th century represents the end of the mortality crisis; the last one struck the parish in 1806. But it was not the end of epidemics, and cholera, typhoid, the pox, dysentery, and rubella, etc., were common until the end of 19th century. Another cause of numerous deaths was tuberculosis. The end of the 19th century is regarded as the beginning of the demographic revolution - the rise of birth control and falling mortality rates. But in Lochenice parish there were no such trends.

13

MARRIAGE RATES OVER TIME IN THE PARISH OF ROZMBERK NAD VLTAVOU IN THE 19TH CENTURY

80%

Poulova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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tom 30

195-218

EN

This study is based on extracts from the marriages records lodged in the State Regional Archive in Trebon, and it deals with the changes in marriage rates during the 19th century. The aim of the study was to discover to what extent changes connected with the transition from the old to the new demographic regime were reflected in the industrially less advanced Sumava mountain region. The continuing stagnation of this region along with the lack of employment and financial opportunities resulted in an increase in the number of postponed marriages, which was particularly notable among men. Women married on average at the age of 28 and men at the age of 31; the average age of first-time spouses peaked in the period of 1850-1874. Only during the final period of the century, evidently as a result of the abolition of the institution of consent to marriage in 1868, did the marrying age of first-time spouses again slightly decrease. Conversely, the age structure of widows and widowers remarrying remained relatively unchanged. As in the 18th century, the average age of widows remarrying was 35-39, while the average age of widowers remarrying was between 40 and 50.

14

THE HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE IN RURAL SOCIETY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (Struktura venkovskych domacnosti v Novem Rychnove v prvni polovine 19. stoleti)

80%

Skorepova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2008

|

tom 32

57-104

EN

AThe article deals with the topic of rural family structure in the first half of the 19th century based on the example of the village Novy Rychnov (Southern Bohemia), a rural community with a significant portion of domestic manufacturing. The article is based on research on confession records, which reveal the development of households in 1833-1855. Personal data were completed from parish registers. The second part of the text analyses the demographic development of Novy Rychnov and presents the main features of the local population. The text also includes a social and professional classification of the village inhabitants. Primary attention focused on an analysis of the household structure. The analysis showed that the quick transformation of household structure was related to the increasing number of simple nuclear families and a reduction in family size. This change was doubtless connected with the transformation of the economic behaviour of the population and a change in their mentality

15

BULGARIA'S NATIONALITY PROBLEMS IN THE 20TH CENTURY

80%

Eberhardt P.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2005

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nr 27

53-70

EN

The first part of the article presents the historical context for the shaping of ethnic relations in the territory of contemporary Bulgaria. A statistical analysis of the ethnic composition of Bulgaria from the period of 1900 to 2001 demonstrates that, at the beginning of the 20th century, some 80 percent of the population of this country were ethnic Bulgarians. The most numerous minority were Muslim Turks. Despite massive political and demographic-social transformations, the numerical proportions of Bulgars and Turks have not change dramatically. The central section of the article takes a historical approach to the situation in Bulgaria in the interwar period, during World War Two, and in the Communist times. On the basis of statistical data from consecutive censuses, the evolution of the nation's ethnic structure is examined, with particular attention devoted to the issue of Macedonians and the so-called Pomacy - Muslims who speak the Bulgarian language. The conflict between Bulgarian authorities and the Turkish population in the 1980s is also discussed. The main part of the study discusses the ethnic situation of contemporary Bulgaria. Conclusions are based on the census of 2001, which surveyed nationality, language, and religion and presents a breakdown of the ethnic composition of Bulgaria's population. There are separate analyses for the entire country and for its 28 individual counties, which clearly illustrate the numbers and distribution of the ethnic Bulgarian population as well as the country's major national minorities (Turks, Pomacy, and Roma).

16

THE FERTILITY OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE PARISH OF ROZMBERK NAD VLTAVOU IN THE 19TH CENTURY

80%

Poulova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

|

tom 31

49-90

EN

This study analyses marital fertility in the 19th century in the parish of Rozmberk nad Vltavou, which is located in Southern Bohemia. In the 19th century this region was stagnating economically. Its lack of development was reflected in demographic changes. The natality and fertility rates remained almost unchanged even in the 19th century. Changes that did occur were caused by the rising age of marriage more than by an effort to regulate the number of children born. Throughout the period under observation families tended to have around 4-5 children on average. Women's fertility was especially high at the start of the marriage, and then it gradually declined after the age of 30. Fertility remained at the same level throughout the century and was only slightly lower than in the 18th century. Infant and child mortality were relatively high: by the age of five just over one-quarter of all children born had died (26.2 %) and the rate of stillbirths hovered around 2 %. The minor changes that did occur in the 19th century among the Rozmberk population were not pronounced enough for us to be able to speak about this society's transition to new demographic structures.

17

THE PROBLEM OF INFANTICIDE - A SAMPLE OF FEMALE PRISONERS IN THE WOMEN'S PRISON IN REPY

80%

Luxova A.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

|

2005

|

tom 29

139-200

EN

The study presents a look at one of the most common crimes of the past - infanticide. It was conducted using materials stored in the State Regional Archives, from files in the Women's Prison in Repy, the most important of which are archive materials (books and bundles) from 1864-1948; prison in Repy was intended for convicts from Czech Lands and after 1918 from whole Czechoslovakia; during these 84 years 946 women were captive in prison because of infanticide. The study focuses on information about the number of women convicted for the crime of infanticide, their lives (age, social and family background, marital status, education level, ethnic structure and occupation), location where the crime was commited, method and reasons that led women to commit infanticide. Also presented are the length of the sentences, the potential aggravation of the sentence, and the situation surrounding the release of the individual. All this information is supplemented with samples of papers that have survived. The study also includes an excursion into life in a prison.

18

LICZEBNOŚĆ LUDNOŚCI POLSKIEJ NA BIAŁORUSI NA PRZEŁOMIE XX I XXI WIEKU WEDŁUG DANYCH SPISOWYCH

80%

Eberhardt P.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2013

|

tom 39

|

nr 2(148)

123-134

EN

The article presents the count and spatial distribution of the Polish population living on the territory of contemporary Belarus in the second half of the past century. The basis for the analysis were official population censuses which took place in the Soviet Union in 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989 and in the Republic of Belarus in 1999 and in 2009. Two criteria of ethnicity have been considered: nationality and mother tongue. The number of Polish people has been established for the whole period on the provincial level and for 2009 on the district level. The results of subsequent censuses revealed a numerical regress of the Polish population. The article explains the reasons underlying this process, which was an effect of the existing sociopolitical situation.

19

DETERMINANTS OF INHERITANCE PATTERNS IN AN EARLY MODERN JAPANESE VILLAGE, YUKINOBU

80%

Murayama S.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

|

2007

|

tom 31

91-116

EN

Previous studies have suggested that there were two or three types of headship succession practices in Tokugawa Japan. The Tokugawa Period (= Japanese early modern period) is the first period for which the family life and inheritance customs of individual common people can be examined through a written record. Some historical-demographic and historical family studies have found that Tokugawa society exhibited diverse family norms and practices. Two types of family practices were emphasised in particular: The northeastern pattern is characterized by primogeniture and the vertically extended nature of households, in contrast to the pattern in the central and southwestern regions, where nuclear households were prevalent in higher proportions. The third type of family structure was observed in village studies of western and southwestern Japan. In this study the author will attempt not only to describe further evidence of family structure diversity in western Japan, but also to examine the concept of regional diversity. The determinants of inheritance patterns in Tokugawa Japan will be examined by a local study of Yukinobu, a village of Western Japan, now in Okayama, Chugoku Region.

20

POPULATION TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE KLAIPEDA REGION IN THE 20TH CENTURY (Przemiany narodowosciowe w Kraju Klajpedzkim w XX wieku)

80%

Eberhardt P.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

|

2010

|

nr 37

89-102

EN

The Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory's population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian. The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and national situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.