Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Nová syntéza o společnosti v českých zemích v dlouhém 19. století

100%

Hlavačka M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2021

|

tom 119

|

nr 1

135-148

EN

The new social history of the Czech lands in the 19th century is written on the basis of the concept of history as games, where however an analysis is not lacking of the structural framing of society, rhythm of historical movement, relationship between the continuity and discontinuity of modernisation changes, relationship between historical stability and dynamics and where Czech lands are presented as a unique “laboratory” of these modernisation changes. The author overcame the classical concept of modernisation by drawing into this general concept the value frameworks (especially the values associated with the Enlightenment, liberalism and nationalism), as well as new trends of that time (gender, social issues or the emancipation of the labouring class), which modernization inevitably or inadvertently created, and then especially his imagination.

2

Autonomie vysokých škol a jejich financování v českých zemích v letech 1848-1939

100%

Fasora L. , Pečinková A. , Miler S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2020

|

tom 118

|

nr 1

68-108

EN

The text analyses the development of the autonomy of higher education institutions in the Czech lands following the Prussian model with an emphasis on the aspect of the economic dependence on the state, which was very significant in European comparison. It notes the gradual development of autonomous identity in the representation of higher education institutions with a core at the universities and the achievement of a high degree of autonomy in the decision-making of the state in 1890–1930. At that time, higher education institutions became the leading bearers of a liberal vision of corporate management and a liberal-democratic view of the role of the state. Increasing cases of the abuse of the autonomy by the representations of higher education institutions mainly in the economic sphere led to the intensification of oversight and the gradual reduction of autonomy in the search for postliberal social order in Czechoslovak society with the advent of the economic and political crisis after 1929.

3

Czech Tramping as a Lifestyle

100%

Altman K.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

|

2022

|

tom 32

|

nr 4

293 - 306

EN

Czech tramping can seem to be a mere leisure-time activity of a selected segment of the Czech population (especially young people but by far not only of them), but its essence is much more complex and its importance usually bigger. Tramping does not only consist in unrestricted wandering through freely accessible nature (usually at weekends), in camping and development of peculiar festivities, but it also demonstrates its specific material and spiritual attributes, significantly influenced by scouting and woodcraft. It was mainly the tramps´ code of ethics, applied not only to tramping itself, that defined ethical attitudes of the tramps towards the environment and members of the majority society. Over the last one hundred years, Czech tramping has become a real lifestyle of its bearers not only in the period of their youth, but often also later in their life, often until their death. This lifestyle has always been a specific, even in the context of a certain space, non-consumption-oriented, and alternative way how to spend leisure time.

4

Povodně v českých zemích v 16.–18. století ve světle starých tisků

100%

Munzar J. , Ondráček S. , Kysučan L.

Knihy a dějiny (Books and history)

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2015

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tom 22

23-39

EN

The catastrophic floods in the Czech lands in July 1997 and August 2002 showed that historical flood memory had been lost. The little used sources to recover it include early printed books. This article brings a selection of everal exceptional flood cases captured by printed documents from the 16th–18th centuries. Extant early printed books and the information that they contain (verified from other sources where possible) suitably complement and extend the potential of historical hydrology and meteorology for the study and documentation of early floods that occurred before the beginning of instrumental observations and measurements.

5

Sezónnost sňatečnosti z demografického a národopisného hlediska

100%

Valášková N.

Národopisný věstník

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2009

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tom 26_(68)

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nr 1

171-177

EN

This paper deals with the seasonal character of nuptiality in the Czech lands with an accent on the month of May which shows, especially after the World War II, the lowermost values. It is usually connected with the superstition that the “May wedding implies an early death of one of the partners”. This superstition is known already from the period of the Roman wars, however, it had no continual influence on frequency of the May weddings in the Czech lands. As the demographic studies show, the May minimums started to be clear as late as the second half of the 1920s. The author also follows the superstition as a proverb in some Czech paremiological collections created since the19th century.

6

Kontinuita farní správy jako problém náboženských dějin Čech a Moravy v předbělohorské době

88%

Hrdlička J. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2023

|

tom 121

|

nr 3

737-780

EN

One of the manifestations of multi-denominational coexistence in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margraviate of Moravia between the Hussite Revolution and the year 1620 was the competition of individual confessions (apart from the Unity of Brethren) for the existing network of parishes as the fundamental unit of church administration. The study seeks an answer to the question of how the landed gentry tried to guarantee that the parishes on their estates, over which they held the right of patronage, would belong to their faith in the future, as was currently the case. It is mainly concentrated on localities owned by the nobility, who were the owners of the right of presentation (a patron’s right to propose a suitable person for a benefice to the ecclesiastical superiors) to approximately three-quarters of all parish churches.

7

Triad of Resistance, Defeat, and Reconciliation: The production of historical meaning in the performances of Czech military reenactment through the example of Estonian SS units

88%

Wohlmuth P.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2023

|

tom 33

|

nr 5

3 - 18

EN

This study explores several military reenactor performances through the optics of reenactment studies after the affective turn and post-positivist oral history. These are co-organized or independently produced by a Czech military history reenactment club, which is specific for its unique affectivity, experience, and production of historical meaning. In action and film reenactment performances, which we refer to as The West, The March, and Division 45, the reenactors focus on the reconstruction of the final phase of the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) combat journey in the Czech lands in May 1945. In doing so, they produce meanings that conflict with contemporary Czech military culture and official memory, but they avoid historical revisionism. In this sense, the reenactor performances touch upon, among other things, the still highly conflicting local issues of the politics of memory – the so-called crimes of the victors of the summer of 1945, especially the crimes committed against prisoners of war of various types of the German armed forces, subjected to highly inhumane treatment. Until now, these crimes have been debated in the Czech historical community more or less only in relation to German civilians.

8

Interdisciplinární relace: Causa incolát

88%

Tomandl M.

Národopisný věstník

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2009

|

tom 26_(68)

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nr 1

178-196

EN

This paper attempts to present and to access some selected legal standards affecting the shape of the local administration institutions on the Czech soil (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) in the years 1848-1945. In the retrospection, some attention was paid to the turning points in the development of the basic unit of the territorial self government, i.e. the local administration. The author attempts to present a vivid picture of the situation by interpreting some legal standards of the local community system.The research focused on the local communities shows that the thesis supporting the existence of relations between the cultural activity of individuals and local communities and contemporary legal standard is justified. Those standards contribute - directly or indirectly, to the shaping of the mentality of the inhabitants concerning their belonging to a particular socio-geographic environment.

9

Ovruch slate spindle whorls in the Czech Lands

88%

Kouřil P. , Přichystal A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2022

|

tom 70

151-174

EN

The article discusses the state of knowledge and the significance of a special group of early medieval material culture artefacts – namely, spindle whorls made of Ovruch pyrophyllite slate originating from the territory of present-day Ukraine. Thousands of these artefacts, interesting not only for their specific, usually reddish color, but also for their professional standardized design, were made between the 10th and 13th c. Their occurrence in the Czech lands is very limited, however: only 13 specimens are presently known. In Bohemia, they have been discovered only in Prague, which was their target destination. In Moravia and Czech Silesia, they are known from five sites: with a single exception (a cemetery), they are important supra-regional and local fortified centers. Non-destructive analyses carried out have shown that all detected spindle whorls can be considered originals. An analysis of the archaeological contexts showed that the earliest occurrence of these imports can be dated as far back as the second half of the 10th century. However, most of them probably belong to the 11th century, and some, exceptionally, even to the 12th century. Given their low number, we assume that this most probably was not a regular item in long-distance trade.

10

Programové strategie politického boje o moravský venkov v éře masové komunikace:

88%

Cibulka P. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2020

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tom 118

|

nr 2

324-362

EN

The submitted study deals with an analysis of the programme texts of the political parties oriented mainly on the Moravian and Bohemian rural areas in the period from the end of the 19th century to World War I. Its goal is to examine social and national collective self-identification in the Czech lands in this period. A comparison of the political programs of the Old Czechs, the Young Czechs, the Agrarians and the Clericals is intended to help determine how the relevant political parties have been able to influence the political attitudes of the peasantry. The text also deals with the development of agricultural associations and cooperatives in the Czech lands and their connection to the political structures of individual parties.

11

Šlechtic a revoluce. Pohled Karla Chotka na revoluční rok 1848

88%

Dvořáková L.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2015

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tom 23

|

nr 1

1-20

EN

The submitted study looks at the opinions and acts of the nobility, in particular Karl Chotek, during the 1848 Year of Revolution. Before the spring revolutionary period, the Czech nobility enjoyed an exclusive status, but the revolutionary summer changed all that. Although some noblemen had already endeavoured to reform relations with their serfs before the revolution, had founded the Union to Encourage Industry in Bohemia and declared the ability to purchase freedom for serfs, during the revolution they signed a petition to avoid sudden revolutionary change and keep their current status as political representatives of the country, and they were confronted with the Herder-inspired Czech nationalist movement. They could not find a common voice with this movement because amongst other things, their reforms arose not from the language-profiled concept of the nation as declared by the Czech nationalist movement, but rather from the Enlightenment. Although the nobility were not passive and endeavoured to play a part in political events, they remained alone in their endeavours, with even the state itself drawing away from them and abolishing serfdom on 7 September 1848 independently of their demands, and through this also abolishing the whole of the previous patrimonial administration.

12

České královny a královská Věnná města v pohusitské době (1436-1526):

88%

Beran Z.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2019

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tom 22

|

nr 2

119-150

EN

The goal of this study is to capture and describe the specific characteristics of royal dowry towns in the post-Hussite period (1436–1526). As this is an institution that lasted from the High Middle Ages until the mid-19th century, caution is required to avoid transferring characteristics and evaluations from other periods. The approach used respects the state of institutionalization at the time, which in the Middle Ages often took a personal nature or was not continuous. The study asks the following questions: What made Czech royal dowry towns unique? What made them different from other royal towns? What importance did this group of towns have in the historical context of the time? What tied the dowry towns to the queens and the offices of their chamberlains? What effect did the frequent use of these towns as collateral have on them? The sources used most often are municipal rights, correspondence between dowry towns and manorial or regional officials, correspondence between towns, correspondence with the surrounding nobles, legal proceedings, normative sources, and chronicles.

13

Je konverze změnou náboženství, nebo náboženskou změnou? Možnosti a meze historického výzkumu přelomu 19. a 20. století

75%

Pavlíček T. W.

Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

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2011

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tom 3

|

nr 1

9-38

EN

The reasons for conversion or withdrawal from traditional churches could be diff erent in every historical period. Historians should recognize the secondary or contrary historical processes like foundation of small movements and „free“ churches, and also appreciate individual motives of a convert. The author of this paper researches conversion on the basis of 1) religious term and its diff erent meanings in historical contexts, 2) study of the convert‘s „Lebenswelt“ and his local church and religion culture. At first he compares the similar meanings of the term conversion in diff erent theological encyclopedias (change of religion) and puts forward Karl Rahner’s notion of internal conversion as Bekehrung (a change of the involved man in his spiritual relationship to God) as an inspiring tool for the methodology of ecumenical or comparative church history. A summary of church development and the legislative status of diff erent denominations in the Habsburg monarchy in the 19th century follows. The author approaches that the wave of religious changes in the late 19th century was truly brought about by the internal pluralization of religious culture. He demonstrates his point by analysing conversion in the Prague diocese in 1900.

14

From the Czech Lands to South-Eastern Europe: A Case Study to Overcome the Discontinuity

75%

Pavlásek M.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2018

|

tom 28

|

nr 3

171 - 183

EN

The study reflects adaptation and economical working mechanisms of a selected religious community of expatriates (reformed Evangelists who came from south-eastern Moravia) that in the mid-19th century settled in the multiethnic village of Velké Srediště in current Serbian Banat. The migration of monitored colonists from Central Europe was associated with the process of overcoming the moment of discontinuity (leaving the place of origin) through their adaptation in the new settings. The text presents institutional mechanisms that were used by the newcomers to overcome the stage of discontinuity, which brought doubts on the future life in the new settings. Based on written sources we assume a thesis that this social group brought a functioning social organization from Moravia to southern Hungary – an autonomous congregation community with own standards, forms of farming, confessional school and family religious education. The follow-up to the pre-migration model of a religious organization translocated by migration participants was based on the fact that it was time-honoured, tested and functioning. Through examples of several practices of this adopted model I argue that this was a social practice which significantly facilitated and accelerated the process of gradual adaptation in the new settings.

15

Vztah Dělnických tělocvičných jednot ke sportu

75%

Moravec R.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2021

|

tom 29

|

nr 1

271-305

EN

Workers’ Gymnastic Union’s (WGU) were not interested only in physical exercise, as we can say, but they emphasised also cultural and educational activities. They organized trips, theatre performances, and lectures. These spheres made a general image of work in WGU, where the sport activities were joined to the line with physical exercise – the first debates about sport disciplines took place before the World War I. The breaking of taboo gained by Czechoslovakia establishing – a sport was increasingly popular and this was reflected in WGU. In the next years, still more sports unions were established and their organizations were not destroyed even by occupation. The biggest boom of sport in WGU was during the World War II. The study discusses debates on misleading individual sports within the WGU, including those inappropriate ones from the point of view of federal officials and contrary to the spirit of collective cohesion. On the example of German workers’ physical education will be showed a sport activity in gymnastic unions in the Czech lands, respectively in the Czechoslovakia.

16

The Image of Staged Folk Culture: From the Presentation of Traditions to a Staged Genre

75%

Pavlicová M.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2021

|

tom 31

|

nr 5

21 - 32

EN

The study deals with the presentation of folk culture expressions on stage and tries to answer the questions that arise in this context. They relate both to the genesis of the presentation of folk traditions and to the subsequent developments that formed demonstrations of folk culture into a staged genre with artistic ambitions. Based on examples of selected expressions of folk culture in the Czech environment − especially expressions of folklore, which, alongside customary traditions, were always the backbone of staged presentations − the study shows how the demonstration of folk culture expressions was approached, how the performances were accepted by audiences, and which functions (ideological, artistic, and entertainment) were attributed to them. Another important question is what image of folk culture was created on the stage and how this image could have influenced the “living” terrain of the countryside and the very tendencies to protect the values of folk culture, which began to pick up strength in Czech society at the end of the nineteenth century.

17

Family businesses and their roots in Central European society in the 19th century

75%

Hlavačka M.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2016

|

tom 24

|

nr 2

1-24

EN

This study is the first attempt in Czech historiography at outlining certain methodical and methodological bases for research into the history of family businesses. It focuses on illuminating certain methodological options for defining family companies and their typology according to internal distribution of power and mutual (not just family) relations within the businesses. It expands this typology with a proposal for an external materially chronological framework for enterprise within Central Europe over the last hundred and fifty years. The linked appendix endeavours to apply this typology to four family businesses which operated within the Czech lands and Czechoslovakia. Specifically, it looks at four major ‘family’ businesses in the Czech lands whose operations encompassed the whole of the Habsburg Empire’s territory: ‘Lederer’ – producers of branded molasses-based alcohol; ‘Lanna’ – road, railway and water transport planning and construction; ‘Klein’ – road and railway planning and construction; and ‘Ringhoffer’ – railway vehicles (carriages for personal and freight transport).

18

Dítě a církev ve středověku

75%

Doležalová E.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

|

2016

|

tom 19

|

nr 1

75-85

EN

The lives of both adults and children in the medieval Europe of western Christianity were shaped by societal and ecclesiastic norms. These norms were based, in particular, on the canon law and the liturgy. The life of a child is depicted in these sources in a static manner as depending on the decisions of the adults – parents and curators. However, other preserved sources besides the normative ones, namely, those produced by the Church administration and judiciary, make it possible to reconstruct the life of children in the Middle Ages more vividly.

19

Hospodářské dvory SS ve výcvikovém prostoru Böhmen

75%

Zouzal T.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2021

|

tom 119

|

nr 4

775-811

EN

The study deals with the agricultural farms of the SS organisation located in the SS-military training areas Beneschau/Böhmen in 1942–1945. There were several dozens such farms in the territory of the training ground, so-called SS-Höfe, and they employed most of that part of the original population, which had remained in the region after the confiscation of the area. The text describes the genesis, activities, issues of administration, staffing and profitability of the SS-farms. The study’s conclusion discusses the liquidation of the yards after the end of World War II.

20

The Holocaust/Shoah as a Tabooed Component in Czech Society´s Memory after World War II?

75%

Soukupová B.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2022

|

tom 32

|

nr 1

13 - 21

EN

The text analyses the thematization of a key phenomenon of 20th century history and the axis of post-war Jewish identity − the Holocaust/Shoah in the Czech lands with overlaps to Central Europe. In contrast to propositions of the well-known political scientist Pavel Barša (the Holocaust became the cornerstone of Jewish identity only at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, when the State of Israel argued for it within its policy in regards to the occupied Arab territories and the moral category of innocent victim became crucial for Western mind-set), it tries to prove that the Holocaust, for which the Hebrew term Shoah is used in this case, became the pillar of Jewish identity already after the end of World War II. It was also at that time that the growing communist propaganda, which completely dominated the public space after the February coup (1948), began to use it for its own interests. In parallel, the treatise denies that the thematization of the Shoah/Holocaust was dominated by Jews as victims; in the post-war decades both minority Jewish and majority Czech representations worked with two categories: victims of racism and fighters against fascism, even though the communist representation (including the Jewish communists) from the beginning marginalized the Jewish resistance on the Western fronts and also the theme of the uniqueness of the Holocaust phenomenon.