Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Historický vývoj prostředků a aplikačních mechanismů k ochraně rostlin v českých zemích

100%

Koleska Z.

DVT - Dějiny věd a techniky (History of Sciences and Technology)

|

2007

|

tom 40

|

nr 1

13-34

EN

The paper expands on the history of the scientific methods used to protect plants in the Czech lands. It provides information concerning the development, manufacture, and use of specialized means and application techniques for the protection of agriculture produce, orchards, and forests from diseases and biological enemies from the 18th through the 20th centuries. A historical overview describes the first primitive, imperfect, naive, and often useless efforts of farmers to protect their plants against harmful pests. The occurrence of pests was frequently explained by extraordinary powers or even as a punishment from God. The article then discusses mechanical methods used against harmful intruders. With the development of natural sciences and research, chemical preparations (pesticides) were manufactured and new application techniques for protection of plants were developed. The paper also shows the growth of the Czech chemical industry, which produced protective means, and of the machine-industries, which manufactured protective mechanization.

2

Biografický slovník českých zemí. Tradice a výhledy české biografické encyklopedistiky

80%

Tomes J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2008

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tom 106

|

nr 4

869-882

EN

This article provides a lucid summary of the history of Czech biographical lexicography, focused primarily upon the national history, from the second half of the 19th century until the present time. It pays a close attention to the gap caused in Czech biographical encyclopaedic research by nearly a half-a-century of totalitarian regimes throughout 1939-1945 and 1948-1989. It also recognizes attempts to overcome this hiatus at the turn of the 20th century, which have culminated in the gradual compilation of this Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands.

3

Působení českého odboru Slovinského alpského spolku. Z každodennosti česko-slovinských vztahů před rokem 1914

80%

Pelc M.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

|

2008

|

tom 94

|

nr 1

151-167

EN

The Czech section of the Slovene Alpine Club was founded in Prague in 1897. It was a socially exclusive organisation with approximately 600 members. The section's activities spread from the Savinja Alps in the East (around the city of Jezersko) to the Julian Alps in the West (around Kranjska Gora). The organization built two chalets and a number of mountain-tracks, popularized the Slovene Alps in the Bohemian Kingdom, its members explored especially the Julian Alps and published their discoveries in the section's Alpine Bulletin (Alpsky vestnik), other serials as well as in books. They also contributed to a better knowledge of the Slovene culture among the Czech society by organizing numerous cultural events and lectures in which they presented the works of Slovene artists and familiarized their audience with the character of the Slovene countryside. The Czech section was abolished after World War I. New borders were drawn between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, making the Slovene Alps harder to reach, while the High Tatras in Slovakia became more accessible.

4

HOSTINSKÁ ZAŘÍZENÍ V BOJI ZA STÁTNÍ SAMOSTATNOST ČESKOSLOVENSKA A PŘI JEJÍM VYHLÁŠENÍ

80%

Altman K.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2018

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tom 66

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nr 3

276 – 286

EN

Pubs have long served as places of interpersonal communication, developed not only by by-passers, but mainly by regular houseguests. Such communication included political discussions and disputes, frequently on the position of the Czech nationality in Central Europe and its historical role in it. Disputes on this topic were strictly forbidden during World War I and would be conducted illegally; their content became gradually radicalised until it acquired a revolutionary character, directing the insurgent expressions of the debaters towards their active involvement in the attempts to achieve the leaving of Czech lands (together with Slovakia) from the Habsburg monarchy. This process culminated with the relatively spontaneous declaration of state independence at the end of October 1918, in which pubs played a special role as centres – though considerably restricted – of social life: from common pubs up to fancy club houses of the middle-class elite.

5

VZTAH K PAMÁTKÁM (ZEJMÉNA ŽIDOVSKÝM) V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH V OBDOBÍ (RADIKÁLNÍHO) SOCIALISMU – POHLED STÁTNÍCH ORGÁNŮ

80%

Soukupová B.

Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)

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2022

|

tom 29

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nr 2

45 - 62

EN

The text initially analyses what the term “historic site of interest” included during individual phases of modern Czech history. It also describes how and why spontaneous interest in historic monuments transformed into scientific interest. However, the text mainly focuses on the attitude of Czech society towards historic sites of interest and historical preservation after the Second World War. The paper clarifies why Prague monuments of the highest possible national value (Old Town Square, Prague Castle, Karolinum, Bethlehem Chapel, Hvězda Summer Palace) received the most attention primarily. It also clarifies the importance state bodies credited to minor (mainly Jewish) historic sites of interest, both in Prague and in the regions. The text states that although selected Jewish historic monuments in Prague were repaired in the 1950s, because it was assumed that they would be used in the field of tourism, others (including those that were of interest to tourists) were left to fall into disrepair. Terezín received attention for ideological reasons. However, its historical value was used for propaganda purposes. Victims of the Shoa were described as fighters for socialism in the 1950s. The post-war condition of Jewish historic sites of interest in the regions can be described as catastrophic, during which time only two regional synagogues were repaired during socialism (in Plzeň and Holešov). The devastation of unprotected Jewish cemeteries, which were usually located in remote areas, also continued. The gravestones in these cemeteries became sought-after building material. Indications of changes to come in relation to regional Jewish historic sites of interest only appear at the end of the so-called normalisation period.

6

The principles and development of landscape parks in the Czech Republic and their study from the perspective of historical geography

80%

Šantrůčková M.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2012

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tom 38

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nr 1

99-118

EN

This paper presents landscape parks as objects of research in historical geography, a main advantage of which is its synthetic approach to the study of landscape parks as opposed to the more singular approaches of other sciences that also deal with parks (e.g. dendrology, garden architecture, art history, and biology). It focuses on landscape design and construction principles and their links to the natural and sociocultural environment. It interprets the societal impulses and inspirational bases that led to the expansion of the landscape park fashion, as well as the design basics that define their appearance. It also deals with the contemporary significance of landscape parks and the possibilities for their preservation and restoration. It outlines methods for studying landscape parks.

7

OBRAZ UHRŮ A UHER V DÍLECH CÍRKEVNÍCH KRONIKÁŘŮ Z ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ ZE 14. STOLETÍ

80%

Papajík D.

Konštantínove listy

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2019

|

tom 12

|

nr 1

39 - 49

EN

The author of the text attempts to analyse the ways how the church chroniclers from the Czech Lands depicted and characterised Hungary and its inhabitants in the 14th century. A detailed analysis was performed for the following six chronicles by church authors: The Žďár Monastery Chronicle, The Zbraslav Chronicle, The Chronicle of František Pražský, The Chronicle of Beneš Krabic of Weitmile and The Chronicle of Přibík Pulkava of Radenín. The analysis also included the interesting Dalimil Chronicle, for which the background of its author is unknown. The author further analysed the Autobiography of King Charles IV of Luxembourg. For the purpose of a comparison with another social background, the author stepped beyond the limits of the 14th century and analysed three chronicles mostly covering the 15th century: The Chronicle of Bartošek of Drahonice, The Hussite Chronicle of Vavřinec of Březová and Staré letopisy české [The Old Bohemian Annals].

8

ČESKÉ A NEMECKY HOVORIACE KRAJINY AKO MIESTA PÔVODU „HORSKÝCH ĽUDÍ“ – HUNCOKÁROV

80%

Krajčovič P.

Populačné štúdie Slovenska

|

2023

|

tom 16

|

nr 2

5 - 22

EN

The presented study deals with the question of the origin of "mountain people" - huncokars in Czech and German-speaking countries. This specific ethnographic group, which was a part of the German minority in the past, came to the territory of western Slovakia in the period of 18th to 19th century. In ethnographic works from the past, is emphasized most often their Styrian, Tyrolean, Bavarian, Lower Austrian, or Upper Austrian origin. Some authors also mentioned the historical territories of the Czech lands. Similar conclusions were reached by a part of contemporary researchers who were in direct contact with the descendants of the studied community. The main goal of my study was to synthesize all the available information regarding the origin of huncokars. The research was primarily based on the study of secondary literature (ethnographic works) and archival materials (registry records).

9

Demýtizovat Golla… Kritické úvahy nad kritickým portrétem historika a jeho působení

80%

Benes Z.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2009

|

tom 107

|

nr 1

148-151

EN

This contribution reflects on the work of Bohumil Jirousek carried out until the present and it primarily focuses upon his critical approach to the formation and activities of what is known as the Goll School. It reflects upon the role of a historian in Czech society, using Goll as an example.

10

19. století v nás – co přetrvalo

80%

Jiří M.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2012

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tom 20

|

nr 2

1-16

EN

The autor remarks the long-term influence of industrialisation of the 19th century which has constituted many recent patterns and the industrial social stratification with big groups of employees with specific patterns leading to wishes for affluent society and to econocratisme and technokratisme of the modern time.

11

ZÁVLAHOVÉ STAVBY – OPOMÍJENÁ SOUČÁST KULTURNÍHO DĚDICTVÍ

80%

Sviták Z. , Florian J. , Vyskočil A. , Rozkošný M. , Pelíšek I.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2022

|

tom 26

|

nr 2

375-407

EN

Irrigation facilities represent one of the segments of water management. The need for water distribution to the landscape has a long tradition and specific irrigation projects can be assessed not only in terms of technological development of the company but also changes in its approach to water management in the landscape in general. Sophisticated systems of local and supra-regional dimensions, which often combine several functions (irrigation, flood control, land reclamation), are an integral part of cultural (industrial) heritage. The development of irrigation was strongly influenced by the turbulent 20th century, at the end of which they found themselves outside the field of view of society. Currently, the current problem of drought and a fundamental change in the perception of the role of water in the landscape have revived interest in this phenomenon. In the study, historians and water managers offer an interdisciplinary documentation and reconstruction on the example of several important historical irrigation sites of various types in the Czech Republic, also from the perspective of potential cultural heritage protection.

12

ŽIDOVSKÉ OBYVATELSTVO ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ A EMIGRACE: PŘÍČINY, ARGUMENTACE, DŮSLEDKY (LÉTA 1918 - 1939). K PROBLEMATICE ŽIDOVSKÝCH MIGRACÍ VE 20. STOLETÍ

80%

Soukupová B.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2022

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tom 70

|

nr 1

16 - 29

EN

During the restless 20th century, Jews from the Czech lands repeatedly faced emigration. While it was their voluntary choice during the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic until the second half of the 1930s, concerning mainly Zionists (national Jews who left for Palestine as pioneers), the emigration from respected Czechoslovakia in the course of the next years was a response to the worsening political, economic, and social possibilities. After World War II, the community faced two emigration waves (from 1945 to 1948 and after 1968). The choice after the defeat of the Prague Spring can be considered an individual decision caused by the contemporary political and social situation. The study focuses not only on the nature of these emigration waves, but mainly on an analysis of the debates on emigration conducted within the structured Jewish community. The said opinions were presented not only within Jewish, but also within Czech society where emigrants were no longer considered part of the nation, especially after the February coup. The analysis covers also the structured relationship between those who left for abroad and the ones who stayed at home.

13

RESISTANCE AND CATHARSIS: RUMOURS AND LEGENDS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN THE CZECH LANDS (Rezistence a katarze: famy a povesti druhe svetove valky v ceskych zemich)

80%

Janecek P.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2009

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tom 57

|

nr 2

207-220

EN

The article analyzes rumours and contemporary legends of the Second World War on the territory of the Czech lands. Similar social functions as rumours and legends presented jokes and anecdotes; some of them even used identical motives. The most typical and the most interesting war-time rumours were dealing with urban phantoms. The most important of these urban phantoms was legendary Spring Man ('Perak'). It was the Czech paralle of the Victorian urban phantom Spring-heeled Jack from the 19th century in England. Some actualised anecdotes and character of Spring Man, which have been deeply rooted in Czech popular culture, have remained to these days.

14

Existence v českých zemích v 19. a 20. století („Jak se lidi měli“, „co měli ze života“, co chtěli a nechtěli, co mohli (a co bylo „správné“) a jak se o to přičiňovali.) Výchozí úvaha

80%

Matejcek J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2010

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tom 18

|

nr 1

35-75

EN

The content of this paper is determined by the continuation of the headline: How did people do, which were their needs, wishes, feelings and activities, and what was 'right' and socially correct. Then the paper deals with activities pointing to emotional satisfaction. The main task pursued is to provide the base for a future description and explanation of the standard of living, of the quality of life and the life feeling as well as the quality of population in the researched period. The possibilities of research into the conditions of successful existence determined by the long-term development of the qualities of population are explained. The significance of the research consists in explaining the long-term tendencies of development producing the recent level of common culture of the population in the Czech Lands. The content and the theory join the monographs by the team Machacova - Matejcek, published in the years 2002 and 2008, dealing with the long-term evolution of social stratification and mobility of society in the Czech Lands and with its patterns - the common culture. The future research has to explain the 'existential' results

15

FOOTBALL STADIUMS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE IN CZECH CITIES UNTIL 1939

80%

Pelc M.

Mesto a dejiny

|

2020

|

tom 9

|

nr 2

43 – 59

EN

Sport has become a significant part of our lives in the modern era and sporting sites contribute considerably to the image and texture of modern cities. Regarding the popularity of sport, especially football, the stadium has become an important modern space where specific kinds of social interaction take place. Despite the fact modern stadiums had their pre-modern models. They have been transformed substantially, so that we can talk of new urban spaces. This paper shows how football pitches gradually turned into stadiums, using the example of the Czech lands. The choice is by no means autotelic: interwar Czechoslovakia had one of the most successful football teams on the continent.

16

APLIKOVÁNÍ ETNOKARTOGRAFICKÉ METODY V KONTEXTU ČESKÉ ETNOLOGIE

70%

Drápala D. , Malach R.

Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo

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2016

|

tom 4

|

nr 1

9 – 30

EN

Ethno cartography is an umbrella term for a number of methods applied in ethnology for the spatial representation of a selected folk culture phenomenon. Historically, the application of ethno cartographic methods can be divided into three stages: pre-ethno cartography (1700s to early 1800s), early ethno cartography (early 1800s to 1930s) and scientific cartography. One of the fundamental issues in ethno cartography shared across all these periods is the nature of the historical data which are overwhelmingly unbalanced in favour of some phenomena to the point of ignoring other, as well as the intrinsic inseparability of data on folk culture from their geographical, historical, chronological and socio-economic context. While this continues to be a major challenge, we believe these limitations can be overcome using the latest in digital technology, especially the geographic information systems (GIS), and this paper discusses the application of such technologies in the context of Czech ethnology.

17

Motivace k sociální adaptaci, akulturaci a obecně kulturnímu vzestupu v českých zemích v 19. a 20. století – k vývoji kvality populace

70%

Matějček J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

|

2011

|

tom 19

|

nr 2

15-43

EN

The preponderance of material interests over the social and personal cultivation in the lower and the lower middleclass can be explained by constant material misery of these social groups during the both followed centuries. The standard of living of the whole society increased slowly, but just the lower and the lower middleclass were comprehended by the both world wars and by the 'great crisis' of the thirties: 'common people' prefered material welfare more than social consense and personal perfectness. Social barriers led to difficult receiping of new progressive patterns. The consequence of simple work was simple life of the lower and the lower middleclass and their effort for simple hedonisme. Common egoisme could grew as the consequence of new possibilities done by technical and economical progress.

18

Sociální aspekty demografického vývoje

70%

Maur E.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2012

|

tom 110

|

nr 3-4

627-638

EN

In the first part of this study, the author draws attention to several new trends in contemporary historical demography, which respond to the shift of contemporary historiography from structural approaches and statistical methods, such as the gathering and use of extensive national databases and the application of relevant statistical techniques during their analysis, when the borderline between social history and historic demography becomes blurred to a significant degree. At the same time it draws attention to problems hindering a similar approach in the Czech Republic. It considers the study of smaller samples of the population to offer better prospects, as the qualitative analysis can also be utilised. With regard to the extensive range of problems associated with the interrelation of social and demographic development, some very important issues have been overlooked by historical demographers (for example, the social consequences of migrations, the impact of tightening serfs´ conditions on migrations and differentiated demographic behaviour of various social groups). The author maintains that it would be beneficial, when studying family, to use, amongst other things, extensive and valuable factual data on the working class family collected before 1989 and now unjustly neglected.

19

Poděbradové (Úvaha na okraj monografie o jedné větvi šlechtického rodu)

70%

Cornej P.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2009

|

tom 107

|

nr 1

152-159

EN

This review evaluates, in a wider historiographical framework, the methodological approach to the history of the most important branch of the House of the Lords of Kunstat and Podebrady, which significantly influenced the shape of the Lands of Bohemia, in particular the Kingdom of Bohemia and Silesia in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. The history of the Lords of Podebrady, whose rise to power was connected to the activities of the 'Hussite King' George of Podebrady, has been comprehensively dealt with by numerous experts from Hradec Kralove University in a publication printed in the spring of 2008.

20

LID A LIDOVÁ TVORBA A VÝROBA JAKO NÁSTROJ PROPAGANDY LID A LIDOVÁ TVORBA A VÝROBA JAKO NÁSTROJ PROPAGANDY VE SPOLEČNOSTI ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ. MÝTUS A ČESKÁ (STÁTNÍ) POLITIKA

70%

Soukupová B.

Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)

|

2013

|

tom 20

|

nr 1-2

6 – 25

EN

In the first part of this paper the author deals with the development of the term „folk“ in modern Czech national society and in connection with the contents of this term also the meaning which was ascribed to the folk and their creation and production in various times and under social system. Further, she will try to capture the interconnection between the term folk and the nation and the role which was projected into so-called folk creation and production during the formation of national and state identity. In the second part the author analyses the importance of folk creation and production as instruments of propaganda in the post-war society of the Czech lands. At the same time she shows that the political concept of folk, varying over time, correlated with the importance attributed to the folk creation and production. It followed from the analysis that the term folk, in the course of historic development, changed or broadened. The change was understandably not a purely terminological mater. The concept based on linguistic characteristics of the nation among Czech revivalists counted on the Czech-speaking village population. The ideology of the democratic First Republic tied the term folk closely to the idea of citizenship. After the Second World War folk creation was again connected with village life.