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EN
Nowadays on the global market people need some universal values for making business with partners from different culture. Common rules are important to build trust and certaimty alike between companies as among business and society. Substantial evidence shows that business ethics are generally accepting by the employees and courses of ethics become more popular. But the question is how really ethics play the role into business?
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The authors define direct selling to describe moral problems confronted by people engaged in this kind of business sale. The listing of moral problems reflects the relationship between transaction parties.
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This article makes an attempt to encourage the readers to open the debate on ethics in business. It presents synthetic outline of general ethics history and covers normative ethics, ethology of moral principles, and meta-ethics. The outline of general ethics, within such a wide time horizon as presented herein, not only makes the introduction to philosophical considerations and to the search for answers to such fundamental questions as: how to live and how to run a business, but at the same time it makes one understand how exceptionally complex commercial ethics is. The paper also provides a preface to business ethics, focusing first of all on defining the purpose and subject of business ethics, and on indicating its most essential issues. The principal objective of this paper is to show that, under free-market economy conditions in Poland, and in the face of globalisation and global turbulences, ethics in business is unquestionably beyond price.
EN
This article concerns corporate ethics codes. Author describes the contents and role of ethics codes, their advantages and disadvantages. He also presents the ways of working out these codes in Polish enterprises.
EN
1. Purpose The aim of the paper is to present the concept of corporate social responsibility and the directions of its evolution as analyzed from the viewpoint of employees. 2. Methodology The paper discusses, in the light of the empirical research presenting CSR efforts aimed at employees, the results of the research in this area presented during the conference 'Time for growth. Man and business in a civil society'. The research study employed a questionnaire survey and panel discussions. The findings enabled the identification of the most common CSR practices addressing employees. An attempt was also made to compare and contrast the inputs and effects of various initiatives and efforts undertaken by enterprises. 3. Findings/originality As a result of the study it was concluded, on the one hand, that the topic of corporate social responsibility, despite being regarded as very important, still requires further exploration and, on the other hand, that initiatives targeted at employees are a rarity. This suggests that there is a need for dissemination of knowledge on corporate social responsibility with an emphasis on the relationship between consistency with CSR objectives and the market success of a company. It also implies that companies should not refrain from undertaking various CSR initiatives and efforts, especially those aimed at employees.
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Content available remote Wojciech Gasparski's 'small business ethics'
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The paper presents an outline of Wojciech Gasparski's activities in the field of business ethics. The programme of business ethics was created according to the pattern of Tadeusz Kotarbinski's 'small philosophy'. This program has been consequently carried out step by step by theoretical reflection, research projects, organisational undertakings and didactic activities.
EN
1. Purpose The aim of the article is to present the business responsibility concept and the responsibility levels in perspective of a superior goal, which is to contribute to the common good. 2. Methodology The aim was achieved by discussing literature, presenting research and focus group results during the second scientific conference entitled: 'Time for growth. Man and business in a civil society'. 3. Findings The crucial conclusions all come down to the statement that the principal objective of an entrepreneurship is to provide commodities and services useful for people, at the same time generating added value and dividing such new prosperity among its shareholders, employees, the society in which the company develops, and to capitalize the company in order to secure its future. The commodities and services provided by the company ought to fulfill the criteria of high quality and adequate price, and they have to be necessary for people. A socially responsible company cannot be based on human weaknesses. Generating added value stands for acquiring it without entering into monopolistic connections or taking advantage of special privileges. A company is the primary institution for the redistribution of economic wealth, and divides it into stakeholders in an adequate form. Concurrently, the company shall secure a future both for itself and its owners, by investing in new technologies and assets. When it fulfills all its basic duties, it can be acknowledged that the funds it allocates for social goals are 'true', not 'stolen' from clients, employees, suppliers, society or future generations. It is impossible to debate over a company's responsibility if it does not fulfill its primary duties. 4. Originality The novelty and originality of the study is the theoretical (for researchers) and practical (for managers) presentation of the notion of business responsibility.
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Content available remote The Vision of Man in Ethical Thinking of Wojciech Gasparski
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EN
Looking for anthropological foundations of business ethics that has been fruitfully developed by Wojciech Gasparski for years, man as acting subject may be pointed out. The actor must remember, that value of his/her activity depends on his/her efficiency and ethicality. Therefore, an acting man should be endowed both with praxiological and ethical competence (first of all ability to distinguish good and bad, objectivity, integrity, impartiality). Man acts according to practical situations and facts chosen in regard to values. In actions, he/she saves satisfactory facts and opposes non-satisfactory facts. It seems, however, that appeal to values in action is possible only due to proper personal structure of acting subject, necessary for achieving noble goals in efficient way.
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EN
The idea of Corporate Social Responsibility, including its various practical aspects, is a relatively new concept, systematically becoming more and more popular in EU-27 because of potential economic, environmental and social benefits which it can bring. Areas that seem worth focusing from the point of view of possible competitive gains from CSR, concern good relations with both internal and external stakeholders. The ability to build proper relations helps to increase profits, reduce costs or enhance image, loyalty and trust among stakeholders which seems to be decisive for long term competitiveness of given enterprise or the whole economy. The paper investigates the implementation of concept of CSR in Polish economy. The author presents the examples of socially responsible firms and good practice which are undertaken in the analyzed area. Unfortunately, in case of many small and medium enterprises CSR still remains a peripheral concern. The importance of CSR cannot be underestimated in case of the whole Polish economy that aspires to be as competitive as the other Western EU countries.
EN
1. Purpose The aim of this article is to present two models for teaching business ethics: ethics of business and ethics for business. In the article, I defend the thesis that business ethics taught in corporations (ethics for business) is not a simple continuation of academic instruction (ethics of business) and should not be treated as such. 2. Methodology To justify the foregoing thesis, I refer to both theoretical and empirical research carried out by business ethicists, as well as to my own experience as an academic teacher. 3. Findings Taking into consideration the differences that occur between the two models of teaching business ethics, and also the threats associated with implementing ethics programs in companies, I conclude that in-company business ethics instruction does not constitute a continuation of academic instruction. 4. Originality This study and conclusion can help to improve the process of teaching business ethics at both academic and corporate levels.
EN
Codes of ethics are seen as the most important part of company ethical programs. It is demonstrated that such documents exist in almost every American and a significant portion of European organizations. Nevertheless, this in no way changes the fact that many comments and concerns are voiced with respect to company codes of ethics. This article discusses such concerns and divides them into three main groups. The conclusion is that the codes, if developed properly and treated seriously, play a useful role while simultaneously contributing to overcoming some harmful myths about the business ethics.
EN
The aim of the authors is to present a preliminary idea of creation of an Internet-Based Expert System in the field of moral knowledge, to be referred to as a Moral Knowledge Base. The idea consists in an attempt to use the capacity of the World Wide Web and ideas developed under the concepts of knowledge management to solving moral problems that emerge in business life. The system in question would embrace expert knowledge, acquisition of knowledge about actually made moral choices and their consequences, and categorisation/processing of information within the base of knowledge as an element of the expert system. At the input, the system would make it possible to people faced with moral choices 'to consult it' on consequences of those. The basic human freedom of choice would thus remain intact thanks to polarisation of the system that would not impose the choice upon the user, but would provide him/her with material to be considered instead.
EN
The purpose of this article is to answer the questions: what is responsible leadership and what are the main qualities of leaders which cause that leadership become responsible. The author would like to present this problem because still few researchers pay attention to ethical and responsible conduct which should be the most important dimension of leadership. Leaders are responsible in many dimensions and their mental maturity and imagination are always needed. Their responsibilities are not only limited to the results of work, making decisions, employee safety, the environment or air pollution. Their responsibility exceeds beyond their official duties because they are also responsible as human beings.
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Content available remote Wojciech Gasparski - betwen Praxiology and Ethics
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The aim of the paper is presentation of Wojciech Gasparski's contribution to business ethics. Wojciech Gasparski developed praxiological concept of human action. After discussing development of polish praxiology, in particular Tadeusz Kotarbinski's views, the contribution of Wojciech Gasparski - lightening of ethicality, taken together with effectiveness and efficiency of human action is presented.
EN
Specification of the objectives and tasks of a business enterprise seems to be of primordial importance to its effectiveness. Historically, there have been various determinants of business activity. The paper points out to some of those. One of the best known is the Milton Friedman's approach, stating that the objective of enterprise is profit maximisation. As analysis of contemporary realities reveals, the mission of enterprise is actually much broader. It is supposed to identify and promote the firm on the market, motivate the staff, determine strategy. The maximisation of profit alone is hardly able to meet all those expectations. With the main problem put in this way ethical difficulties come up. In the Christian vision of enterprise it is man and his development that should be the objective of business activity, profits being a mere tool for achievement of the objective. Social teachings of the Catholic Church propose the creation of an employee community as a mission of the enterprise. Even a superficial analysis of the issue shows that the objective, strange though it may sound when examined from the business point of view, is beneficial not only to the staff, but also to the entrepreneur and his/her enterprise.
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Content available remote Wojciech Gasparski's Praxiological View of Business
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EN
This article describes the approach to business which can be found the work of Wojciech Gasparski. A special stress is put on the fact that professor Gasparski, himself a prominent representative of Polish praxiology, makes use of the basic praxiological premises. According to this theory business is seen as something performing its basic, 'technical' function which consists in the maximisation of so called owner's value. It does not mean that ethical aspects of business or the problem of social responsibility of companies are being neglected. The main purpose is rather to build a solid basis for an ethical reflection on business. Wojciech Gasparski builds a 'minimal business ethics', which does not create an Arcadian vision of business, but tends to propagate professional standards in this field, already accepted in many European countries.
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Content available remote MAPOVANIE DISKURZU O SPOLOČENSKEJ ZODPOVEDNOSTI PODNIKOV
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EN
The article focuses on mapping the past and contemporary discourse on the corporate social responsibility in its various theoretical and practical levels. It reflects the characteristic features of individual-ethical and institutional-ethical paradigm, which vary widely in their starting points, especially when it comes to the overall view of definition of the mater and the subjects of social responsibility. Within this context, the author briefly compares the stockholders theory with the stakeholder theory.
EN
This study aims to map the occurrence of various unethical business practices in the Slovak business environment, and to examine potential differences in incidence of these practices towards five key company stakeholders. Furthermore, the hypothesized connection between the occurrence of unethical practices and the company size and regional location is analysed. Data acquired by means of a questionnaire on the sample (n = 1295) stratified according to company size and regional location suggest that compared to the other stakeholders, the group “employees” is significantly less exposed to unethical practices. While the company size and the incidence of unethical practices are connected, with smaller companies being substantially more exposed, the relationship between the regional location and the occurrence of unethical practices was not confirmed.
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