Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

K DATACI A EMBLEMATICE BIBLE VÁCLAVA IV.

100%

Hlaváčková H.

ARS

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2018

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tom 51

|

nr 1-2

42 – 50

EN

The Wenceslaus Bible manuscript illumination is a supreme piece among the many splendid manuscript illuminations created at the court of the Luxembourg kings in Bohemia during the second half of the 14th century. However, these manuscript illuminations do not always have an exact dating. Thus, it is highly interesting to reconsider whether the dating of the manuscripts is actually correct, how this dating was done and on what reasons exactly it is based on. This study suggests that the Works on the Wenceslaus Bible started ten years prior to the generally accepted date, i.e. at the end of the 1370s or around the year 1380.

2

KE STAVU A PERSPEKTIVÁM STUDIA SKLENĚNÝCH KORÁLKŮ NA PRAŽSKÉM HRADĚ A V JEHO PŘEDPOLÍ

100%

Tomková K. , Černá E.

Študijné zvesti

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2009

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nr 45

195 - 199

EN

The article presents evaluation of the recent knowledge on the early medieval beads collection from the Prague Castle, considering their typology and the research future.

3

UNIQUE SILVER PENDANT FROM TATCE, KOLÍN DISTRICT, IN THE CONTEXT OF THE OLDEST EVIDENCE OF THE CHRISTIANISATION OF BOHEMIA

100%

Profantová N.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2021

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tom 69

|

nr suppl 2

409 – 416

EN

The unique round silver pendant with the motif of either an angel or an orant or a saint most probably comes from the polycultural settlement in the cadastre of Tatce, Kolín distr., in the fertile Elbe River region in central Bohemia. It was found in 2012. The pendant can be unequivocally interpreted as a Christian protective amulet. The finding broadens the range of items connected to the earliest Christianity in Bohemia during the 2nd half of 9th – 11th c.

4

GOLD-PLATED PINS OF THE GREAT MIGRATION PERIOD IN BOHEMIA

100%

Čisťakova V. , Beneš Z.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2021

|

tom 69

|

nr suppl 2

379 - 388

EN

The gold-plated iron pins from the Great Migration Period belong to the rare finds, not only in Bohemia. The loose finding from Tehov, distr. Prague-East, was therefore a surprise. Together with examples from Praha-Dejvice, Mochov and Chotěšice it belongs to the Thuringian-Bohemian group of pins, which can be dated to the turn of 5th/6th c. until the 2nd third of 6th c. Nevertheless, all of the datable Bohemian finds belong to the phase E1 of the Danubian periodisation. It reflects the specific relationship of Thuringia and Bohemia in this period, along with a number of fibulas and other artefacts. Gilded pins from Bohemia are good example of gold plating technique. The results of X-ray fluorescence proved that the gold used for gilding is of very high purity (89 – 93.2%). This is characteristic for jewellery made in Barbaricum during the Roman and the Great Migration Periods. The sources of that gold are usually sought in imports from Roman or Byzantine Empires, especially in the solidi coinage. The gold-plated iron pins are mostly not preserved in their whole length, because the iron part (roughly a half) has deteriorated. It is proved that tapered, corded end is in fact the head part of the pin, not the lower end. The function of these pins as a hair decoration is supported by the gold plating, because the item is too fragile to use for ordinary cloth fastening. Solitary hair pins were used exclusively by women in Frankish, Baiuvaric, Alemannic, Thuringian and Langobardic areas. The gold or gilded examples belong to rare findings and in the majority of them were found in elite graves.

5

Komunikacja polityczna, miejsca pamięci i późnośredniowieczna Świdnica

100%

Čapský M.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

|

nr 3

39–49

EN

This study was inspired by the comments on the role of „public spectators“ in the interpretation of elements of symbolic communication in the Middle Ages. The author focuses on three types of issues. The first concerns the reasons for which Sigismund of Luxemburg accepted the tribute of Silesian dukes in Świdnica. The second part of the article concerns the strategic role Wrocław played in this rulers reign, while the third focuses on some aspects of exercising ruling seniority in the Świdnica and Jawor duchies. Bogusław Czechowicz put forth a controversial proposition about the reason for receiving tribute in Świdnica. He pointed out that the main addressee of this show of loyalty to the monarch were the Bohemian Hussites or Prague. However, some (lost) iconographic relics were to legitimize Sigismund’s claim to the Roman throne. The author of this study notes that while interpreting elements of symbolic discourse one must always take into account not only the historical context of the event but also the recipient of said work. The author also points out interpretational difficulties caused by the recipient changing through time, his expectations and interpretational limitations of modern historiography. One may assume that in the first part of the 15th century the “memory” of the dukes of Świdnica and Jawor retained actions related to the power holding and its legitimization in these duchies.

6

METALLHORTE DER JÜNGEREN UND SPÄTEN RÖMISCHEN KAISERZEIT IN BÖHMEN

100%

Korený R. , Jánská P. , Hošek J. , Jílek J.

Študijné zvesti

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2021

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tom 68

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nr 2

283 - 342

EN

This paper refers to three hoards of metal objects. Recent one from Rosovice and two older (but originally incorrectly dated) from Lety near Dobřichovice and Benátky nad Jizerou in central Bohemia region. The analysis confirmed that all three hoards were buried during 3rd – 4th century AD. The paper also includes the results of the archeometalurgical analysis of scythes found in Rosovice and description of making functional replicas.

7

BYZANC, VRAP A ČECHY – DVĚ NOVÁ LUXUSNÍ KOVÁNÍ OPASKU ZE STŘEDNÍCH ČECH

100%

Profantová N.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2023

|

tom 71

|

nr suppl. 3

49 – 60

EN

This paper analyses two extraordinary finds of belt decorations from Černošice and Ratenice in the Middle Bohemia. The gilded massive decorated buckle with beak-like decorated tongue and a buckle-plate decorated by a motif of walking gryphon complemented by tendril in openwork has only one analogy of the gold fitting in Vrap (Albania, depot) – more than 1000 km away. It belongs to the Vrap-Erseke-Velino horizon from the first third of the 8th c. The incomplete openwork cooper-alloy fitting from Ratenice with a motif of a mythical beast (feline?) is also Byzantine in origin and could have gotten to Bohemia through Carpathian Basin, where similar stylization from the first half of the 8th c. rarely appears. On this site, fittings of Late Avar type were found. Both fittings enrich the older group of decorations with ties to the south and south-east and both were imported into Bohemia.

8

Księstwa świdnickie i jaworskie a sukcesja na tronie czeskim w dobie Zygmunta Luksemburskiego. Przyczynek do dyskusji o znaczeniu przestrzeni symbolicznej w późnośredniowiecznym państwie czeskim

100%

Czechowicz B.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

|

nr 3

23–37

EN

In this article, concerning the recently published study of Martin Čapský, an attempt is made to show the relevance of Świdnica to the formation of the concept of succession in the Bohemian Crown outside the core of the Crown that being Bohemia (Czech Kingdom) in Silesia. In these actions, focusing mainly around Wrocław, of some significance was also Świdnica, as the main city of two associated areas, bordering with Bohemia, Silesian duchies linked by succession with the Bohemian Crown: the Świdnica and Jawor duchies. In the situation in which Sigismund of Luxemburg found himself after being dethroned by the Hussite movement in Bohemia in 1421, and also due to Świdnica and Jawor duchies not being an inheritance from his mother (unlike the situation with his older brother, Wenceslaus IV) of importance is the enterprising approach to the succession of the younger Luxemburg on the Bohemian throne and in the Świdnica and Jawor duchies. Świdnica and the neighbouring Jawor were ideal for this purpose, also due to decoration programs for sacral and lay buildings. In the times of Sigismund said programs, also those in Strzegom, were enhanced with new elements (decorative paintings of the City Hall in Świdnica, the Carmelite church in Strzegom). Thusly the public space of these three towns complemented the far richer, in this context, Wrocław. In time a tradition of receiving the tribute of Silesian estates by the Bohemian king in Wrocław, and the tribute of the estates of Świdnica and Jawor in Świdnica solidified. The symbolic space of the city, created in the time of last Luxemburgs constituted the perfect scenery for these celebrations.

9

Humanistische Dichter aus den böhmischen Ländern und ihre Präsenz in den gedruckten nicht bohemikalen Anthologien des 16.-17. Jahrhunderts

100%

Vaculinova M.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2009

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tom 132

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nr 1-2

9-23

EN

In this paper, the non-Bohemical anthologies of Latin poetry and the presence of humanist poems from the Czech lands in them are analysed. The studied anthologies are divided into four groups - author collections, national collections, topical collections and printed appendices. The statistic of the presence of individual authors in the anthologies shows that the territorial principle should be considered to be a leading principle in the distribution of Bohemian poetry, which is documented on the example of Bohuslaus of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein. In the non-Bohemical anthologies, we find mainly our best Latin poets, the only exception being Venceslaus Zastriselius, a Moravian nobleman, whose poems are relatively frequent in the anthologies despite their low imporatnce in literature and rather modest literary work of this author in general. The question of financing the anthologies, and the social status of the editors is related closely to this particular example. Another important question is, whether anthologies are a significant source for the bibliography of our humanists. The answer given is negative - the poems in anthologies were usually taken from contemporary printed works which are (with a few exceptions) preserved till now.

10

History of Confiscated Property of the České učení technické (Czech Technical University) in the years 1939–1945

100%

Josefovicova M.

DVT - Dějiny věd a techniky (History of Sciences and Technology)

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2007

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tom 40

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nr 4

209-227

EN

The history of the immovable and movable property of the Czech Technical University after closing of all Czech universities in November 1939 has been studied primarily from the preserved testimonies of Czech witnesses about its state in May 1945. In the article, the history has been reconstructed on basis of official German documents. The initial assumption that the 'Deutsche Technische Hochschule in Prag' (German Technical University in Prague) acquired the main parts of the property for its own use turned out to be incorrect. Most of the movable property not destroyed by army forces during the first week of occupation decayed unused in unsuitable storehouses. Buildings were used by other institutions of the occupation forces and the Protectorate. In 1942, when the original three-year deadline after which the Czech universities were to be reopened expired, K. H. Frank decided on a thorough stocktaking of the property. It was to serve as the basis for the property to be taken over for use by the German Technical University. Nevertheless, the catastrophic condition of the stored instruments, devices, books, and so on showed up during the inventory. Academic buildings and premises used for various other purposes were also in poor condition (see the attached document). As a result, the situation differed significantly from the fate of the property of the Czech University in Prague, which the 'Deutsche Universitaet in Prag' (German University in Prague) acquired.

11

FROM THE CRADLE TO THE GRAVE: THE CHANGING OF TRANSITIONAL RITUALS IN THE MULTI-CONFESSIONAL MILIEU OF A BOHEMIAN TOWN IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

100%

Kadeřábek J.

Mesto a dejiny

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2022

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tom 11

|

nr 1

59–69

EN

Drawing on urban and church archival sources such as handbooks, legal texts and birth registers, this study deals with changes in transitional rituals in the multi-denominational town of Slaný in Bohemia in the years 1600–1640. It focuses on both religious and civil rituals and shows how they changed in the course of the Counter-Reformation.

12

Složení dvora krále Vladislava Jagellonského v letech 1471–1490

100%

Trnka P.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2010

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tom 13

|

nr 1

111-145

EN

This study focuses on the structure, members, and size of the royal court in Prague in the years 1471–1490. The study builds on earlier studies by Vaclav Vladivoj Tomek and Josef Macek, providing more accurate details based on sources that have been neglected so far. One of the key new findings is that King Vladislav’s court was much larger than anticipated.

13

Počátky renesanční typografie v Čechách a na Moravě

100%

Voit P.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2009

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tom 132

|

nr 1-2

125-135

EN

In spite of obvious apologia of modern Czech researchers, our typography of Jagellon's period has only an occasional character. The main reasons are a weak potential of writers' and translators' skills, absence of separately profiled publishing branch and the editorial strategy determined by the foreign import. The period in which our domestic early printed books disengaged from a late Gothic features was longer than in typographic empires like Germany, France or Italy. That was due to the fact that the majority of Czech printers and cutters in the first decade of the 16th century were stimulated by the older illustrational repertoire. Mikulas Konac (1514) and Pavel Olivetsky (1520) were the first who got rid of a late Gothic opinion. The next generation can already be considered to belong to the early Renaissance. The intensity, however, with which this generation adopted the new style varied because of economic aspects: it was adopted to a lesser degree by poorer Mikulas Klaudyan (1518) and Oldrich Velensky (1519); on the contrary richer Pavel Severin (1520) and Jiri Styrsa (1521) adhered to it more vigorously. The twenties of the 16th century are analogically a period when the Renaissance decorative elements are being used in the domestic book binding. In this time we can also see somewhat belated reception of a humanistic written minuscule. The early Renaissance era of typography in our countries took about twenty years longer than in Germany, Austria and Poland. The upper time limit lies between the thirties and half of the forties of the 16th century when the Prague's printer Jan Had started to use the Venetian type of antiqua (Roman type) instead of usual Schwabacher type when printing the books in Latin. Bartolomej Netolicky, who lived in Prague, and Jan Günther were the first in this time, too, who accepted the Blackletter as a distinctive type face of the Czech texts. With these systematic changes the graphic reform of our book-printing has been accomplished until the beginning of the 19th century.

14

AN OUTLINE OF GREEK CATHOLIC MONASTICISM IN THE CZECH LANDS AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA THROUGHOUT THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY

88%

Zouhar J.

Konštantínove listy

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2018

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tom 11

|

nr 2

151 - 167

EN

Byzantine-rite Christians have always been of little importance to general public living in Czechoslovakia, especially to inhabitants of Bohemia. Moreover, Slovak elites did not always choose an even-handed approach to the Greek Catholic Church. This was caused by the different character of Byzantine-rite Christians, very often Rusyns by origin. That was why the history of Byzantine-rite Christians was so complicated within the defined territory throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. It is even truer of Greek Catholic monasticism. Those who decided to be an enemy of the Greek Catholics had to start with the elimination of their elite – monks and nuns. The worst time for Byzantine-rite Christians came in the second half of the 20th century when the states where they lived were ruled by Communists regimes.

15

The Tribe and the State

88%

Samsonowicz H.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2005

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tom 112

|

nr 3

5-20

EN

The paper deals with reflections on the transformations occurring within societal organisation upon the example of Poland, Bohemia and Rus' at the end of the tenth century and during the first decades of the eleventh century. Emphasis placed upon differences between the tribal and state system is accompanied by special attention focused on the changes to which both those systems were subjected, together with an attempt at defining particular development phases. The point of departure of the ensuing deliberations is a characterisation of social groups interested in systemic transformations. Among the catalysts determining the origin of such groups the author distinguishes economic factors relating to the possibility of obtaining new sources of revenue, and psychic factors connected with promotion within the hierarchy of prestige. In the latter domain, an essential role was played by the emergence of the collective consciousness of a group interested in systemic changes, based on an awareness of its distinction from other groups and the creation of a memory about its past. Fundamental differences between tribal and state organisation involved the significance and power of the executive authority enjoyed by the duke's armed squad. Originally, the authority of the ruler was extremely broad, but with time it became restrained by new social elites whose origin was highly differentiated: they were composed of persons who no longer saw perspectives for themselves within the old order as well as those tribal elders who were capable of adapting themselves to the new system. The state witnessed a new division of the social revenue, which favoured the duke and his entourage, thus producing an increasingly strong polarisation of the population. Another phenomenon involved a gradual transformation of the structures of the economic and political administration by creating new provinces (including Church ones) and stronghold|castle-town districts. We are unable to define precisely the onset of the transformation of tribal structures. Rapid changes affecting the character of the state, linked with a growing prominence of the lords, were discernible already during the mid-eleventh century.

16

Kariéra prvních krajských lékařů a chirurgů v Čechách po josefínských reformách (cca 1785-1825)

88%

Tinkova D.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2011

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tom 109

|

nr 3

432-487

EN

During the second half of the 18th century demands as to the competence and expertise of regional medical staff, both physicians and surgeons increased. A broad range of activities alongside a high degree of responsibility, which they shouldered, came hand in hand with growing demands for their professional development. In the second half of the 18th century, similar to other medical personnel, a standardised curriculum for study and expertise was established for regional health officers, also. Thus, increasing and clearly defined requirements in terms of knowledge and ability had transformed the profile of a suitable medical candidate. These changes are, understandably, evident in the different patterns of expertise shown down through several generations, which can be wholly and comprehensively documented. The idea of 'a modern profession' is further demonstrated by the fact that as early as the beginning of the 19th century salaries became standardised and from the 1780s regional medical personnel were entitled to similarly 'standardised' pensions, whose levels corresponded to the number of years of service. Even though their salaries undoubtedly lagged behind the salaries of other higher officials of the regional government for a long time to come, these posts were, without doubt, highly sought and prestigious, which is also shown in the ever increasing numbers of candidates for posts on regional public health boards. Particular attention was especially paid to public competition for posts of regional medical personnel. The Faculty's expert recommendation for someone as suitable for a post was matched against the view of the Land Committee, which paid for medical personnel; in addition, the opinion of the Land protomedicus was also important (and it seems that the opinion of the Governor's Office was not ignored either, yet its role cannot be, at present, fully understood on the basis of original documents researched). Although, it was possible to grant some exceptions in terms of required competences at the beginning (for example, allowing the required certification to be gained later), after 1800, when the numbers of competent candidates for these civil service posts increased, these exceptions became rarer. However, the link to the region continued to play a significant role. The posts of regional physicians from Joseph II's era were occupied by men who were relatively young, aged 30-40, thus on average 5-10 years after their graduation (in some exceptional cases, positions were even given to candidates who were junior in terms of service, about three years after the completion of their studies). Unless they failed in their duties, they usually remained in office until their retirement, or - as with the majority of them - until their death. Although the post of a regional physician/surgeon represented the peak of a career in its own right, some regional medical personnel considered it more beneficial and prestigious to be transferred to the municipal health board in the capital city of Prague. However, there were only a few who succeeded in culminating their career in a goal higher than that - namely, acquiring a professorial position at the university, or even becoming head of the Czech medical administration - a protomedicus. In any case, we might perhaps claim that in the last decades of the 18th century and at the threshold of the 19th century regional physicians and surgeons did confirm their status as a real 'new elite' amongst medical personnel: being equipped with new authority, competences and obligations, they carried on their shoulders a growing responsibility for the medical and sanitary situation in their entire region. In addition, they gradually became integrated in the state administration, indeed, civil servants in a regional office.

17

POTRAVINY JAKO PŘEDMĚT ZÁJMU LAPKŮ A ZEMSKÝCH ŠKŮDCŮ A JEJICH ODRAZ V SOUDNÍCH ZÁZNAMECH V ČECHÁCH A NA MORAVĚ VE 14. – 15. STOLETÍ

88%

Papajík D.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2018

|

tom 22

|

nr 2

302 – 316

EN

The main object of the study is rather neglected fact, that the object of interest to the robbers was not just money, expensive stuff or kidnapping people, but also food in different forms. The author analyzes three main sources of a mass nature originating in the Czech lands, Libri citationum et sententiarum (in Czech Knihy půhonné a nálezové) for the second half of the 14th century and the 15th century, Execusion and Outlaw Records of Jihlava (in Czech Popravčí a psanecké zápisy jihlavské) and Execusion Book of Lords of Rožmberk (in Czech Popravčí kniha pánů z Rožmberka). The author shows using the analysis of the sources in this study, what kind of food was the most frequent object of interest to the robbers and outlaws.

18

ČESKO-UHORSKÁ VOJNA O BABENBERSKÉ DEDIČSTVO 1273 (IV.)

88%

Roháč P.

Vojenská história

|

2017

|

tom 21

|

nr 2

8 - 36

EN

The study is continuation of three papers already published in the Vojenská história magazine, which had analysed the causes, development and consequences of the Czech-Hungarian war in 1254 – 1256, the war in 1260 and the third war in 1270 – 1271. The current study deals with the situation following the death of the Hungarian King Stephan V., when the Hungarians provoked a new Hungarian-Czech war, again resulting in the Czech attacks against the Hungarian territory, revealing the military dominance of the Czech forces lead by Přemysl Otakar II. The paper continues dealing with the topic of war over the Babenberg heritage, where this Central European framework concentrates on a detailed analysis of the sources in terms of participation of the Hungarian nobility as well as the course of military events against the background of the relations between the Austrian, Czech and Hungarian countries.

19

Středoevropský model a jeho archeologické testování

88%

Machacek J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2008

|

tom 106

|

nr 3

598-626

EN

This study contributes to discussions about the so-called Central European Model, which is said to define the first developmental stage of the Przemyslid State. The validity of this model is verified here using selected archaeological resources from the period of Great Moravia. It is primarily based upon results from long-term research at the important Great Moravian agglomeration site at Pohansko near Breclav. This study investigates spatial settlement structures from Pohansko and their counterparts from Western Europe. The interpretation questions the validity of the Central European Model, while it simultaneously outlines some differences between Western and Central Europe in the Early Medieval Ages.

20

Kladsko jako barokní komponovaná krajina?

88%

Semotanová E.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

|

2009

|

tom 35

|

nr 1

161-198

EN

The Kłodzko Baroque landscape was shaped from the mid–17th century till approximately the mid– 18th century in the region of Kłodzko which was a part of the Czech Kingdom till 1742. Its formativ was significantly influenced by natural conditions, economy, political development related to the process of Recatholization and the manifestation of folk religiousness, and it was also influenced by the Czech Baroque landscape and Italian Baroque art. The Kłodzko macro–region, compact and homogenous, was pushed by social processes towards the development of a composed landscape unit.