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The article consists of four parts. In the first three parts the author investigates Husserl's and Ingarden's theses concerning the appearances of objects of perception and imagination. Though Ingarden's concept differs from Husserl's in some important respects, both philosophers agree that objects of imagination present themselves to our consciousness via appearances. According to Husserl only acts of immanent perception do not require appearances to present their object. As far as Ingarden's concept is concerned, the necessity of appearances stems from the thesis of the transcendence of intentional objects. In part four the author argues that objects of imagination, in opposition to real spatio-temporal objects, cannot present themselves through appearances, thus an object of perception is nothing more than its 'appearances'. In turn his arguments are pointed against the thesis of the transcendence of intentional objects and go in the direction of a critique of their (double) subject-properties structure.
EN
An analysis of health promoting behaviors in the Czech adult population - sporting (n = 272) and non-sporting (n = 128) - and a comparison with German (n = 400) and Russian (n = 400) adults is presented in this article. In the investigation a questionnaire was employed called 'Sport, Health and Body Concepts in Central and Eastern Europe' which included mostly closed questions requiring answers on a Lickert type scale. Sporting adults were found to be more satisfied with their personal well-being, their health and bodies, they suffer less from psychosomatic difficulties (restless sleep, headache, backache, digestion problems, easily feeling weary) and their attitudes to health were more mature (healthier way of living, more regular visits to the physician, smoking less often, greater care of health, better condition and appearance).
EN
Ageing/aged bodies reflects gender norms and power relations. The paper is based on analysis of four focus groups realized in homes for older and infirm persons with participants older than 65 years. Old age and ageing are not gender neutral phenomenon – perception, experience, interpretation and strategies of managing of ageing/ aged body are gendered. For participants tidiness and cleanliness are most important despite gender. Dominant interpretations of focus groups’ participants reflect traditional understanding of gender roles, gender ideals and internalization of gender and age stereotypes: physical appearance is more important to women than to men; beauty and physical attractiveness are reserved for youth; female sexuality is interpreted as burden, obligation and source of pain for women; menopause is interpreted as beginning of declining; male ageing bodies were interpreted in functional terms. Negative attitudes toward all types of surgical interventions on face and body are dominant and in this aspect participants reject socio-cultural pressures for youthful and glamorous looking in old age.
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