Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

ISHOMOPHOBIA A PHOBIA? ANALYSIS OF ANXIETY COMPONENT IN SEXUAL PREJUDICE

100%

Bojarska-Nowaczyk K.

Psychological Studies

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2005

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tom 43

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nr 3

5-14

EN

Homophobia is a negative attitude toward homosexual people. Some authors have often defined homophobia as an irrational fear either of contact with homosexual people or of one's own suppressed homosexuality. Social scientists however claim that homophobia is a typical prejudice. Series of three studies investigated relation between homophobia and anxiety. Personality trait anxiety proved not helpful as a predictor of homophobia level. Homosexual person's category activation also evoked no stronger state of anxiety in more homophobic subjects as compared to the less prejudiced ones. These results suggest that homophobia cannot be equated with anxiety. The latter might be, but doesn't have to be, only one of elements of affective component of prejudice against gay men and lesbians. Reactions to anticipated physical or emotional contact with homosexual person and to sexual advances from a person of the same or the other sex were also compared. Subjects were more fearful of contact with homosexual person of the same than the other sex, which suggests presence of fear of the situation becoming perceived as erotic by the homosexual person. Subjects were also more fearful of sexual advances from a person of the same than of the other sex. In men differences obtained were greater, which can be explained with different cultural influences on men and women in the western society.

2

COPING WITH DEMANDING LIFE SITUATIONS IN RELATION TO ANXIETY AND SELF-MASTERY

80%

Ruiselova Z. , Prokopcakova A.

Studia Psychologica

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2005

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tom 47

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nr 3

213-220

EN

An analysis is made of the differentiated action of the characteristics anxiety and 'self-mastery' in various demanding life situations and coping with them (a sample of 102 undergraduates, mean age 20.7 years). The discussion also bears on the relation between the more general (SOC) and the more specific (SPNS) methods of determining coping.

3

CHOICE OF COPING STRATEGIES IN THE INTERACTION: ANXIETY AND TYPE OF A DEMANDING LIFE SITUATION (A RESEARCH PROBE)

80%

Prokopcakova A.

Studia Psychologica

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2004

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tom 46

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nr 3

235-238

EN

This is a probe into the mutual interaction of anxiety, coping strategy and type of situation. Spielberger's STPI questionnaire measuring trait anxiety and the Frankovský-Baumgartner inventory of the Strategy of Procedure in Demanding Situations were administered to a sample of 48 students. The results imply that anxiety does not affect the choice of coping strategies to the same degree in all types of situations. In situations relating to employment, anxiety rather supports avoidance behavior, while in those concerned with moral an interpersonal issues it tends to seek support.

4

IDENTITY, INTERDEPENDENCE AND ANXIETY AS STEREOTYPING FACTORS

80%

Roszak J. , Kwiatkowska A.

Psychological Studies

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2006

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tom 44

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nr 4

57-70

EN

The study's aim was to check if and to what extent factors known to influence stereotyping (inhibition, facilitation), i.e., type of identity, interdependence and anxiety based on partner's high status, do interact. The study was an experimental design, where personal versus social identity was activated. Also, conditions of interdependence versus no-interdependence and anxiety versus no-anxiety were created. Stereotyping was measured by obtaining participants' reaction times while ascribing stereotypical attributes to an outgroup representative. Obtained data confirm that activation of social identity makes people more likely to use an outgroup's stereotype to describe its members, while personal identity activation (alone) diminishes this tendency. Anxiety raises tendencies to stereotype. Surprisingly, interdependence (alone) raises stereotyping rate, which contradicts previous findings. It also turned out that interdependence especially heightens stereotyping in personal identity and anxiety activation condition. The study suggests that the well-known stereotyping inhibitory and facilitating factors may bring surprising effects when we analyze their interactions.

5

ROLE OF ANXIETY IN RADICALIZING POLITICAL ATTITUDES: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM SLOVAKIA

80%

Baboš P. , Világi A. , Soláriková P.

Studia Psychologica

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2019

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tom 61

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nr 1

42 – 55

EN

Proliferation of populist policies and strengthening of political populism in several liberal democracies has been accompanied by campaigns full of public anger, anxiety and fear. Our research contributes to understanding how negative emotions shape selected political attitudes. We designed an experiment with 72 participants randomly assigned to three groups. The aim was to impose anxiety by using a stimulus that is incidental, i.e. having unrelated content to the attitudes under study. In addition to self-reported emotional state measured by post-test survey, we also measured the heart rate activity. Regarding political attitudes, next to attitudes towards immigrants we measured attitudes towards marijuana decriminalization as well. Findings indicate that while imposed anxiety leads to more negative attitudes towards immigrants, there seems to be no such effect on attitudes towards marijuana. We explain the difference by presence/absence of the in-group/out-group division in the types of political attitudes under study.

6

ANXIETY DISORDERS: COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR (PART) I.

80%

Kallai J.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2007

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tom 62

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nr 4

523-539

EN

The anxiety disorders can be treated efficiently by several psychotherapeutic methods. The suggested treatment protocol underlines the importance of the good fitting to the personal demands and the suitable combination of medication and psychotherapy. The qualitative and quantitative parameters of the input-output system of psychological therapies are verified by scientific methods. The progression of neurosciences revealed the mechanisms of basic cognitive disorders in the etiology of biopsychosocial psychological disorders that provide a continuous challenge for the psychotherapy as well. Notwithstanding this, most psychotherapists avoid the scientific discussion and the psychotherapy marches out from the clinical sciences and makes preparations for to live in a scientific diaspora. It is not to be questioned that the reasons of this exodus originated from organizational and financial problems, but the repeated mentioning of these problems cannot be deputy of the creative discussion between the neuroscientists and psychotherapists. It seems to have a correct professional language that can be replay to the new challenges in the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of psychotherapy. The study presented here surveys these areas and demonstrates some new concepts and lines of thought to enlarge the vocabulary of psychotherapy and neurosciences to understand each other.

7

PARANOID AND CONSPIRACY BELIEFS: THE ROLE OF ANXIETY AND LIFE SATISFACTION

80%

Pekárová V.

Studia Psychologica

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2021

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tom 63

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nr 4

393 - 403

EN

This study aimed to examine the relationship between paranoid and conspiracy beliefs and how these beliefs further relate to anxiety-trait, anxiety disorders, and satisfaction with life. The research involved 814 participants who were administered the Paranoia Scale, the Slovak Conspiracy Belief Scale, the State- Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The results showed that paranoid beliefs were associated with conspiracy beliefs, anxiety-trait, and life satisfaction. All of the variables together accounted for almost 40% of the variance of paranoid beliefs. Although conspiracy beliefs were associated with paranoia, the relationship with life satisfaction and anxiety-trait did not emerge as significant. The results of this study point out the importance of further exploration of paranoid and conspiracy beliefs, especially in times of coronavirus pandemic, when the harmful effects of such beliefs are even more salient.

8

MALLARMÉHO NIČOTA S HEIDEGGEROVOU ÚZKOSŤOU

80%

Marion J.-L.

World Literature Studies

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2020

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tom 12

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nr 3

9 - 15

EN

The article points out the similarity of idea in poetry and philosophy. Poets and philosophers describe the same phenomena and walk the same path in solidarity. Mallarmé and Heidegger speak of Nothingness and show Nothingness. Mallarmé descended deeply enough into Nothingness to speak about it with confidence. Where to look for nothing and how to find it? How can nothing be shown? And what does nothing itself show? Nothingness is revealed through Anxiety. Therefore, the abnormal anxiety that possess the poet is an experience of suffering from Nothingness. Nothing is known as a thing or as a condition. It is happening as we speak. Nothingness is expressed as it is, as an „empty salon“.

9

LIFE SATISFACTION AND AFFECTIVITY (A RESEARCH PROBE)

80%

Potasova A. , Prokopcakova A.

Studia Psychologica

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2003

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tom 45

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nr 3

203-209

EN

A sample of 99 subjects from three age groups took part in a research probe intended to clarify the relationships between life satisfaction, accommodation flexibility and negative affectivity (anxiety). Although a comparison according to age failed to make it evident, a selection of Ss according to whether they are extremely satisfied or extremely dissatisfied with life showed that those satisfied achieve significantly higher scores in accommodation flexibility and statistically lower scores in anxiety measures than Ss extremely dissatisfied with life.

10

REPRESSION AND SENSITIZATION OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI – SYSTEMATICAL REVIEW (Tlumienie i wyolbrzymianie bodzców emocjonalnych - próba systematyzacji badan)

80%

Kleszczewska-Albinska A.

Psychological Studies

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2008

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tom 46

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nr 3

5-16

EN

The main idea of this article is to introduce the concept of repression and sensitization as it is understood in the field of cognitive psychology. The typology, according to which people can be divided into four types: repressors, low-anxious, high-anxious, and defensive high-anxious (sensitizers) is presented. Also presented is the critical analysis of the research based on the four-types classification. Attention is directed to ambiguous results, based on some terminological as well as methodological misunderstandings of the typology. The last part of the text is devoted to unresolved issues and possibilities for development of this branch of psychological research.

11

Whole-body cryotherapy as adjunct treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders

80%

Rymaszewska J. , Ramsey D. , Chladzinska-Kiejna S.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 1

63-68

EN

Introduction: Rheumatism has been treated using whole-body cryotherapy (WBCT) since the 1970s. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of WBCT as an experimental, adjunctive method of treating depressive and anxiety disorders. Materials and Methods: A control (n=34) and a study group (n=26), both consisting of outpatients 18?65 years old with depressive and anxiety disorders (ICD-10), received standard psychopharmacotherapy. The study group was additionally treated with a series of 15 daily visits to a cryogenic chamber (2?3 min, from ?160?C to ?110?C). The Hamilton's depression rating scale (HDRS) and Hamilton's anxiety rating scale (HARS) were used as the outcome measures. Results: After three weeks, a decrease of at least 50% from the baseline HDRS-17 scores in 34.6% of the study group and 2.9% of the control group and a decrease of at least 50% from the baseline HARS score in 46.2% of the study group and in none of the control group were noted. Conclusion: These findings, despite such limitations as a small sample size, suggest a possible role for WBCT as a short-term adjuvant treatment for mood and anxiety disorders.

12

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERPERSONAL PROBLEM SOLVING, POSITIVE - NEGATIVE AFFECT AND ANXIE

80%

Bedel A.

Studia Psychologica

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2015

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tom 57

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nr 2

121 – 133

EN

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of interpersonal problem solving, positive-negative affect and anxiety. To this end, 336 high school students completed Interpersonal Problem Solving Inventory (Çam & Tümkaya, 2008), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Gençöz, 2000), and Trait Anxiety Inventory (Öner, 1977). The statistical analysis of the study included Pearson Moments Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results indicated that inter-correlations among negative orientation to the problem, negative affect, anxiety, and inter-correlations among constructive problem solving, insistent-persevering orientation and positive affect were all significant. The results of Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that within negative affect and anxiety, negative orientation to the problem was the most powerful predictor. In light of these findings, suggestions for planned interventions to improve interpersonal problem-solving skills of students in individual and group guidance activities are emphasized and ideas for future research are discussed.

13

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NEGATIVE PLACEBO ACTION. AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

70%

Babel P.

Psychological Studies

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2008

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tom 46

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nr 1

13-24

EN

The aim of the paper is an attempt to research psychological mechanisms of the placebo action (expectancy, classical conditioning and anxiety) and their relationships.The effect of negative placebo as one of the potential effects of the action of placebo administered in the guise of an adverse method or as its component is distinguished. An experiment on psychological mechanisms of negative placebo action (namely hyperalgesic) is presented. The results of the experiment show that expectations are sufficient to induce the effect of negative placebo but conditioning is not sufficient to induce this effect and have no impact on the strength of the effect induced by expectations. A significant relationship between expectations and pain anxiety was determined. It was also demonstrated that it was possible to induce the effect of negative placebo despite the lack of intentionally evoked expectations. The results support expectancy and anxiety but doesn't exclude classical conditioning as the mechanisms of negative placebo action.

14

Expression of c-fos in response to stressogenic stimuli in the amygdala of old vs. young rats ? a preliminary study

70%

Boguszewski P. , Zagrodzka J.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2005

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tom 65

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nr 2

191-194

EN

During aging many of the brain functions became deteriorated or altered. One of the most important age related changes is an increase of anxiety level, reported both in humans and in animals. Our study was intended to compare c-fos gene expression in amygdala, the key structure in anxiety/fear regulation, in old (24 months old) and young (4 months old) rats exposed to various behavioral stimulations. There were no differences between age groups in basal c-Fos expression. After social encounter c-Fos expression level in amygdala increased significantly, but still remained independent on age. Significant differences between both groups appeared after open field test and immobilization test. Contrary to the findings on young adults indicating the correlations between increased anxiety level and higher c-Fos expression, old rats showed increased anxiety together with significantly lower c-Fos expression.

15

Poziom lęku i nadziei na sukces a style radzenia sobie ze stresem u maturzystów

70%

Gołuch D.

Studia Psychologica

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2011

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nr 11/1

33-50

EN

The aim of the study is to examine the difference in the change of anxiety level and of success hope in 6 months prior to leaving exam between groups with different styles of coping with stress. It is assumed that during this period the level anxiety and hope will change depending on the preferred style of coping. In order to verify the hypotheses a group of 144 high school graduates was tested. The first survey took place 6 months and the other 14 days before final exams. The following tests were used: CISS, STAI, KNS. The results of this study indicate that the overall level of anxiety has increased in the research group and this increase was greatest in the emotions-focused group. However, the level of success hope significantly decreased in the group favoring task-oriented style. There were no significant changes observed in the level of success hope in the remaining groups.

16

EVALUATION OF ANXIETY AMONG MEDICAL AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS BY FACTOR ANALYSIS

70%

Ercan I. , Irgil D. , Ozen N. , Kan I.

Studia Psychologica

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2008

|

tom 50

|

nr 3

267-275

EN

Anxiety is an inevitable part of life in contemporary society. Anxiety corrupts a person's ability to think, perceive and learn. A person suffering from anxiety usually experiences difficulties in concentrating, remembering the learned material and establishing what the necessary relations among events or people are. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main anxiety items of the students of two faculties. Factor analysis was performed to form groups of unrelated items by gathering related items in the scale and to the rank factors affecting anxiety by their importance. In accordance with the data obtained from the studies on the anxiety of engineering and medical students, factor analyses gave the following results for state anxiety: in engineering students there were units accumulated in 5 factors, in medical students there were units accumulated in 4 factors, and for trait anxiety they were in 6 factors for both. Our studies show that even if the STAI results are similar, factor analyses should be carried out and the solutions should be sought in accordance with the results. During education in the universities, causes of (state - trait) anxiety should be investigated and curriculums should be changed in order to lessen anxiety, psychological and social support units should be established and students should be prepared for the future.

17

IRRATIONALITY AND MANIFESTATIONS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVAK ADOLESCENTS

70%

Kordacova J.

Studia Psychologica

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2003

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tom 45

|

nr 4

345-355

EN

The present study had for aim to assess how far the measure of irrational beliefs corresponds with selected types of fear and anxiety in a sample of secondary school students (N = 115). Two original Slovak scales were used: The Scale of Classical Fears and Stage Fright, Social situational fears (KSAT) and the Scale of Irrational Beliefs (IPA). The highest number of significant relations between irrationality and anxiety was noted with the factor of irrational idealization and anxiety. Idealization positively corresponded with the total KSAT scores as also with all the forms of fear. Perfectionism was related to the overall level of anxiety, and specifically to stage fright with which also corresponded irrationally-tinged negative expectations and the overall measure of irrationality. The latter was also related to experiencing of fear in social situations. The results vary in dependence on subjects' gender and are discussed also within the conceptual framework of the rational-emotive behavioral theory (REBT).

18

COPING STYLE AND ANXIETY IN RELATION TO THE IMPLICIT THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

70%

Ruiselova Z. , Prokopcakova A.

Studia Psychologica

|

2005

|

tom 47

|

nr 4

301-307

EN

Studied effect of the implicit theory (in terms of C. Dweck's entity theory and incremental theory) on the way and characteristics of coping in demanding situation in students. Effective coping is represented by coherence (SOC - Sense of Coherence, Antonovsky) and followed were also the characteristics of self-mastery and anxiety. Gender-induced differences in preference of implicit theories were not confirmed. A more effective coping (a higher level of SOC) were found in subjects preferring incremental theory, as also a higher anxiety level, particularly in women with preference for the entity theory of intelligence.

19

Personality and Cognitive Performance

70%

Fajkowska M. , Eysenck M. W.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2008

|

tom 39

|

nr 4

178-191

EN

The two experiments reported here are concerned with the influence of trait anxiety and other individual differences on cognitive performance using the face-in-the-crowd procedure. Participants completed questionnaires (EPQ-R; STAI; Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) and across two experiments searched for discrepant faces in matrices of otherwise identical faces (in Experiment 1: threatening, happy, neutral targets against emotional or neutral backgrounds, and in Experiment 2: threatening, happy, sad and scheming targets against neutral distractors). The key findings from this study indicated that anxiety enhanced processing efficiency of positive emotional material when interacts with high psychoticism. Additionally, the vigilance for threatening and neutral faces was a characteristic of sanguine individuals with repressive coping while inefficient processing of threatening and neutral stimuli of non-defensive melancholic subjects. These results are discussed with reference to attentional control theory (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007).

20

COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING AND PROACTIVE COPING

70%

Ruiselova Z. , Prokopcakova A.

Studia Psychologica

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2010

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tom 52

|

nr 4

291-299

EN

This study focuses on selected characteristics of counterfactual thinking related to effectiveness of coping (represented by sense of coherence SOC and self-efficacy GSES) and proactive coping. The authors focus on anxiety among personality characteristics related to the proactive coping and counterfactual thinking. The results show a higher level of proactive and preventive coping, as well as higher SOC and GSES, related to positive opinion of the helpfulness of counterfactual thinking in solving possible future problems and to lower anxiety.