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1

Nowożytny spór o abstrakcje

100%

Gryzenia K.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2010

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tom 46

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nr 2

219-238

EN

The issue of modern dispute over abstraction undertaken in this article takes into consideration, above all, three authors: Cajetan (Thomas de Vio), Pedro da Fonseca and Francisco Suarez. Cajetan, as a member of the Dominican order, represented Thomistic thought and in the early phase of the modern period was the most influential. Fonseca was at the beginning of the forming of the Jesuit philosophical school, not burdened by the tradition of his order, that is either Thomistic or Scottish tradition. Suarez, Fonseca's successor, was widely recognized in the 17th century. One should also remember that nominalism, even though quite fundamentally criticized at that time, had quite a significant impact. We deal here with merging of diverse orientations and the intention of this study is to show how the issue of abstraction was presented, with the special focus of Fonseca's approach. Fonseca is not very well known, but his solutions decided not only the philosophical face of so-called 'suarezianism' but - as it is believed - were the link in shaping philosophical culture of next generations. There is no denying that all discussed authors show perceptiveness and inquisitiveness, hence multiple differentiations, divisions and subtle distinctions. This is what happens for example with the division of abstraction into formal and objective, typical and untypical, habitual and actual or with displaying different and separate functions of active intellect etc. Among various philosophical currents, quite a big influence of neo-Platonic spiritualism and nominalism can be noticed. An example of this tendency is Fonseca's and Suarez' theorem that idea is the model and material cause of abstract cognition. According to this conviction everything that is contained in idea must reflect in intellect. This way the difference between sensory and intellectual cognition, between subject and object is abolished. These findings confirm one of the interpretations that this is a step towards Cartesianism with its philosophy of the subject.

2

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA AKO METÓDY SPOLOČENSKO-HUMANITNÝCH DISCIPLÍN

80%

Halas J.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2015

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tom 22

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nr 1

71 - 89

EN

The methods of abstraction and idealization are commonly viewed as basic to both the natural and the social sciences. Since the 1970s, they have been also a focus of attention in the philosophy and methodology of science. However, their nature as methods, i.e., sequences of instructions, has not been adequately explicated. The paper attempts to capture the core of these methods in the sense of the simplified sequences of instructions. The proposal is illustrated in a reconstruction of the application of both methods in economics as a representative of the social sciences.

3

MARX A WEBER O METÓDE ABSTRAKCIE (I)

80%

Halas J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2016

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tom 71

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nr 9

771 - 778

EN

Based on primary sources, the paper reconstructs the method of abstraction used by two founding figures of modern social science: Karl Marx and Max Weber. According to both thinkers, this method plays a key role in social science. But although their views on the nature of the method are largely identical, the paper describes important differences between them in terms of (i) the cognitive goals with which the method is applied, (ii) the epistemic status of the results of its application, (iii) the criteria of correct application of the method and (iv) the supposed relation of abstraction to the distinction between the natural and the social sciences. This first part of the paper deals with the notion of abstraction which underpins Marxʼs “critique of political economy”.

4

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA VO FILOZOFFI VEDY I

80%

Halas J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2015

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tom 70

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nr 7

546 – 559

EN

The paper presents a survey of classical and contemporary approaches to abstraction and idealization in the philosophy of science. This first part of the paper provides a brief explication of both terms and focuses on the contributions of Leszek Nowak and Ernan McMullin. Nowak’s notions of gradual concretization and deformation procedures are discussed, as are McMullin’s different types of idealization techniques. The final section of this first part of the paper is devoted to the contributions of Czechoslovak philosophers, especially to Václav Černík, who developed an interest in idealization independently of the Poznan School. The second part of the paper will summarize more recent discussions on this topic.

5

MARX A WEBER O METÓDE ABSTRAKCIE (II)

80%

Halas J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2016

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tom 71

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nr 10

809 – 820

EN

In the second part of his paper, the author reconstructs Weber’s notion of the method of abstraction, especially as related to so-called ideal types. Similarly to the previous part, the author focuses on the cognitive goals, with which the application of the method is associated, the epistemic status of the results of its application, the criteria of the correct application of the method and the supposed relation between abstraction and the natural/social sciences distinction. Deriving from the comparison of Marx’s and Weber’s views on abstraction he shows that the contributions of both thinkers confirm the hypothesis that analytic (non-empirical) methods of abstraction and idealization, as used in the social sciences, do not in principle differ from similar procedures used in the natural sciences.

6

ABSTRACTION, VARIATION, AND GENERALIZATION

80%

Rygalski A.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2008

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tom 36

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nr 2

63-79

EN

Ingarden's understanding of generalization, that is, the operation of abstraction by variation, is placed in the historical context of the dispute between Berkeley and Locke, and is directed at Husserl's conception. The following take part in the determination of the conditions of generalization: unilateral dependence, constitutive nature and the shape/state.

7

ABSTRAKCIA, IDEALIZÁCIA A POUŽÍVANIE ARGUMENTOV

70%

Halas J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2019

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tom 74

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nr 9

705 – 720

EN

The methods of abstraction and idealization are typically examined in connection with their applications in modelling and explanation. This paper investigates how the use of abstract and idealized models in arguments structures the process of argumentation. If a discussant uses an idealized model to justify a thesis, they also adopt an implicit or explicit attitude towards the idealizing assumptions it involves. The precise nature of this attitude determines the argumentation strategies available to the opponent. If the proponent views the assumptions as approximating the actual state of affairs, the opponent can request a de-idealization of the model. On the other hand, if the model is viewed as a non-Galilean idealization, or in a purely instrumental way, the opponent must challenge the relevance of the model with respect to the target system. However, as illustrated by the debate on minimum wage, even empirical evidence need not always provide a clear-cut resolution of the difference in opinion.

8

Hledání minimálního slovníku: jazyková analýza ideje pokroku

70%

Holecek T.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2008

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tom 17/30

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nr 3-4

117-148

EN

The article provides a language analysis of the idea of progress. It briefly outlines the method of search for minimal vocabulary as has been proposed by Bertrand Russell in 'Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits'. Then it considers the application of this method to a social theory, namely to the language used in a theory of progress. As an example theory it uses the well known essay 'L'anciene regime et la revolution' (1856) by Alexis de Tocqueville. The language of the theory is analyzed, abstracted expressions are pointed out and the minimal vocabulary is presented: it consists of verb-expressions 'to see', 'to be wrong', 'to doubt', 'to think', 'to feel', 'to be surprised', 'to choose', 'to express' and 'to rely'; of noun-expressions 'demise', 'cause', 'change', 'nature' and 'banality' together with pronouns and logical expressions. The rules for construction of composed expressions and propositions are set up and a reconstruction of the object language is suggested. The abstract character of the method is reflected.

9

SEMANTIC CHANGES OF THE PREVERB 'BE' ('IN') I.

70%

Szili K.

Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)

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2005

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tom 129

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nr 2

151-164

EN

This paper undertakes tracing down the semantic changes of the Hungarian preverb 'be' ('in') in the theoretical framework and with the methods the author set up during a similar discussion of the preverb 'ki' ('out'). This means, practically speaking, that she amalgamates the relevant syntactic and semantic aspects with a cognitively-based classification of arguments of the 'where to' type that can be considered a primary argument type of verbs combined with 'be,' as well as with a description of conceptualisation processes involving those arguments. As is revealed by Table 1, summarising the results of this investigation, the semantic bleaching of the preverb 'be' is due to processes at two levels that are interrelated and follow from one another. On the one hand, we have to do with a series of linearly linked changes from group A, standing for increasingly abstract representations of three-dimensional IN places, to group B that involves no characteristics of 'internal space' at all. On the other hand, however, within the various subtypes of internal spaces, a number of events may have occurred that resulted in a perfectivising role of the preverb and its various Aktionsart-forming functions. The description of changes involving illative landmark and trajectory functions reveals that the frequency of those events, their grammatical quality and the subsequent modification of directional meanings depend on the degree of abstraction and conceptualisation of IN places.

10

FATHER CHOLEWKA: KNOWN AND UNKNOWN (O. Piotr Cholewka, znany - nieznany)

70%

Zychowska M.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2011

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tom 4

120-127

EN

Father Piotr Cholewka was born in 1922 in a Silesian village of Marciszow near Zawiercie. In 1925, his family emigrated to Barlin in northern France. In 1943 he entered the Benedictine monastery of Wisques. In 1961, a papal indult authorized him to pursue studies and work outside the cloister. He took on stained glass in 1953. He used traditional techniques and employed reinforced concrete to hold the pieces of glass together (dalle de verre), while also creating in synthetic materials, such as polystyrene. Most of his works date back to the period between 1955 and 1963, and with the exception of a few early designs, the majority are abstract. His stained-glass windows can be found in fifty churches, mainly in France and Belgium. In Poland, he first appears in 1992 to present exhibitions of his creative output of 40 years entitled Beauty Shall Save the World. Their purpose is to show contemporary art, understood as abstract representation whose meaning and content is hidden under a composition of colourful blots. The only ensemble of stained-glass windows by Father Cholewka to be found in Poland is that present in the church of Saint John the Baptist in Kupno, near Kolbuszowa, produced between 1997 and 1998.

11

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA VO FILOZOFII VEDY II

70%

Halas J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2015

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tom 70

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nr 8

633 – 646

EN

This paper is a survey of classical and contemporary approaches to abstraction and idealization in the philosophy of science. In this second part, it focuses on the more recent contributions by Martin Jones, Michael Weisberg and Michael Strevens. The final section is devoted to the problem of so-called non-Galilean idealization or idealization without successful representation, as discussed by Andrew Wayne, Yasha Rohwer, Collin Rice and Alisa Bokulich. By way of conclusion, the paper elaborates on the preliminary characterization of the two methods provided in the first part, and offers some more general observations on the development of the discussion since the 1970s.

12

SEMANTIC CHANGES OF THE PREVERB 'BE' ('IN') II.

70%

Szili K.

Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)

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2005

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tom 129

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nr 3

282-299

EN

This paper undertakes tracing down the semantic changes of the Hungarian preverb 'be' ('in') in the theoretical framework and with the methods the author set up during a similar discussion of the preverb 'ki' ('out'). This means, practically speaking, that she amalgamates the relevant syntactic and semantic aspects with a cognitively-based classification of arguments of the 'where to' type that can be considered a primary argument type of verbs combined with 'be,' as well as with a description of conceptualisation processes involving those arguments. As is revealed by Table 1 summarising the results of this investigation, the semantic bleaching of the preverb 'be' is due to processes at two levels that are interrelated and follow from one another. On the one hand, we have to do with a series of linearly linked changes from group A, standing for increasingly abstract representations of three-dimensional IN places, to group B that involves no characteristics of 'internal space' at all. On the other hand, however, within the various subtypes of internal spaces, a number of events may have occurred that resulted in a perfectivising role of the preverb and its various Aktionsart-forming functions. The description of changes involving illative landmark and trajectory functions reveals that the frequency of those events, their grammatical quality and the subsequent modification of directional meanings depend on the degree of abstraction and conceptualisation of IN places.

13

METÓDY ABSTRAKCIE, IDEALIZÁCIE A KONKRETIZÁCIE V LOGIKE: PRÍPAD POSUNUTÉHO ČASU VO FAKTUÁLNÝCH KONDICIONÁLOCH

60%

Gahér F.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2020

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tom 75

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nr 8

660 – 676

EN

The article deals with methods of abstraction, idealization and concretization in logic with a focus on the dimension of time in case of factual conditionals(in which an antecedent is stated as true and often introduced to by a conjunction „since“) with a time-shifted consequent in relation to the antecedent. We claim that the idealization of the time parameter in logic has led to its successful application to timeless mathematics, but without re-concretization it provides a crude tool for the analysis of linguistic communication in natural language. When concretizing the time parameter in conditional predictions, some authors even question the rules of classical logic. We reject the paradoxical character of classical logic as well as the pragmatic solution to this problem, because - as we show on the example of the rule of strengthening the antecedent - it would lead to boundless enthymematicity of predictions. We propose a solution according to which conditionals are masked abbreviations of arguments, in which a producer assumes the validity of a set of necessary conditions (albeit unspecified) and the principle of ceteris paribus.

14

KVALITATÍVNE PREDIKÁTY VERZUS VEDECKÉ ZÁKONY, EXPLANÁCIA A TESTOVANIE

60%

Hanzel I.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2015

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tom 70

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nr 3

188 – 201

EN

The aim of the paper is to show that in the framework of philosophy of science it is possible to choose such an approach to the reconstruction of scientific laws and scientific explanation and also to the testing of scientific theories which enables us to avoid the well-known raven paradox as stated by C. G. Hempel. The paper starts with an analysis of Hempel’s approach to the so-called “purely qualitative predicates.” Then it shows how this approach, which has its origins in the perceptualist philosophy, led Hempel to a completely distorted view on the structure of scientific laws and scientific explanation, that in turn led him to a distorted view on the testing of scientific theories. As an alternative the paper proposes another view on the structure of scientific laws, scientific explanation and introduction of theoretical magnitudes using the method of definition by abstraction. Consequently, it also proposes an alternative view on the testing of scientific theories which eliminates the raven paradox.

15

MATHEMATICAL MODELS AS ABSTRACTIONS

60%

Zámečník L.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2018

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tom 25

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nr 2

244 - 264

EN

The paper concerns a contemporary problem emerging in philosophy of science about the explanatory status of mathematical models as abstractions. The starting point lies in the analysis of Morrison’s discrimination of models as idealizations and models as abstractions. There abstraction has a special status because its non-realistic nature (e.g. an infinite number of particles, an infinite structure of fractal etc.) is the very reason for its explanatory success and usefulness. The paper presents two new examples of mathematical models as abstractions – the fractal invariant of phase space transformations in the dynamic systems theory and infinite sets in the formal grammar and automata theory. The author is convinced about the indispensability of mathematical models as abstraction, but somehow disagrees with the interpretation of its explanatory power.

16

ABSTRACT ART AND SACRED ART (Sztuka abstrakcyjna i sztuka sakralna)

60%

Haake M.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2009

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tom 2

95-110

EN

The purpose of the article is to discuss Via Crucis, a work by Marek Chlanda, which sets out to express one of the most important themes of Christian iconography in the language of abstract art. The author first asks whether the semantics of abstract forms can effectively convey the narrative and express the profound message of man's salvation by God. A positive answer is suggested by the manner in which Marek Chlanda alludes to the oeuvre of Kazimierz Malewicz, one of the founders of 20th-century abstract art, who was fascinated with communism. Thanks to Marek Chlanda, the legacy of the Russian artist can be recognized as an usurpation, an attempt to replace the Christian conception of the absolute by an impersonal authority, by which we are no longer morally obliged. This is particularly suggested by panel XV (Resurrection), in which a Malewicz-like black circle attempts to cover the crown of thorns. Far from being a mere allusion to the iconography of particular stations, Via Crucis also initiates a reflection on the role of religious experience in our modern time.