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1

THE FORTIFICATION OBLIGATIONS OF KNIGHTS AND COMMONERS IN POLAND IN THE 13TH C. IN THE LIGHT OF WRITTEN SOURCES (Swiadczenia fortyfikacyjne ludnosci pospolitej i rycerstwa w Polsce XIII wieku w zrodlach pisanych)

100%

Dabrowski F.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 2

147-168

EN

The author surveys the data from written sources concerning the public works obligation imposed by the Piast monarchy in order to build fortifications (strongholds and entanglements). The origin of public works is usually traced back to the tribal tradition, strengthened by adopting the Western principle of the monarch's control over fortifications. Due to the scarcity of preserved sources and their character it is difficult to establish when exactly the obligations known from the 13th c. were introduced. The type of the available sources also limits our knowledge of the scope of fortification obligations. Almost all the mentions of fortification obligations come from documents granting jurisdiction privileges to the Church, therefore we know very little of the obligations imposed on knights. The sources record not only the names of particular fortification works but also some details that allow us to hypothesise about the method of their execution and the authorities responsible for enforcing the fulfilment of the obligation. The fortification obligations included: cutting trees to build an entanglement or barricade (preseka, incisurae, precisio nemorum) (building an entanglement in wartime was considered a separate category), the construction and repair of strongholds, and breaking the ice in moats surrounding strongholds (naramb, narub). The most frequently mentioned obligations were those connected with the building and repairing of strongholds. Building new strongholds and repairing old ones were considered separate categories of works. In addition to the most common names of works, there are less frequent terms referring to various extra duties (digging moats, building and repairing bridges leading to strongholds, covering the surface of stronghold walls with pug). There was a range of Latin terms used to refer to fortification works: form the simple expression labor/opus castri through the general terms constructio or edificatio to names indicating the variety of works connected with fortification construction (reedificatio, reformatio, munitio, reparatio, correctio, firmatio). The only native name of an obligation is the word grod ('stronghold') recorded in two documents. The obligation to participate in building strongholds obviously concerned both serfs and knights, the latter group, however, to a limited extent. A knight was obliged to build one 'box' (section) of the stronghold wall. Exemptions from fortification works granted by princes to serfs from Church estates indicate that the priority for the rulers of Polish principalities in the 13th c. was the upkeep of their capitals and borderland strongholds. It is difficult to figure how time- and labour consuming fortification works were, although they were certainly burdensome. The fulfilment of the obligation was almost certainly not supervised by castellans; some documents suggest that there were special officials appointed for that task. There are no data on serfs being engaged in fortification works. There is no information on the logistics and organization of the works, either. The obligations known from 13th-century sources were gradually abandoned due to the extension of jurisdiction priviledges; they were abolished by the general privileges granted to the Kingdom of Poland in 1374 and to Mazovia in 1418 and 1478. Their extinction could also have been connected with the replacement of wooden strongholds by brick castles. The building of entanglements was probably given up because of the intensive colonization of forest areas.

2

Najstarsze dokumenty opatowskie

100%

Lis A.

Rocznik Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Genealogicznego

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2012

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tom 4

117-150

EN

The aim of this article is to present a characteristics of two documents, the first from 1189 and the second one dating back to the year 1206. The conducted analysis shows that the publishing place of the two documents was Opatów. The first from the mentioned documents was issued by the duke Casimir II the Just, whereas the second one by his son Leszek the White. The work is an attempt at analyzing testamentation included in both documents in order to study the genealogy of the enlisted witnesses.

3

PRIVILÉGIUM PRE BRATISLAVU Z ROKU 1291

88%

Lysá Ž.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 2

189-214

EN

The study is concerned with the charter of privileges granted to Bratislava in 1291. The introduction gives a formal analysis of the document, and attempts to solve the question of interpolation into the text. It offers an interpretation of why the text of the original document from 1291 differs from the later royal confirmations. The article traces the views on the charter of privileges in previous historiography and the circumstances in which it was issued by King Andrew III. The conclusion compares individual provisions of the charter with other charters issued in the 13th century.

4

SILVER AND GLASS IN MEDIEVAL TRADE AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN VENICE AND THE KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA

75%

Zaoral R.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2011

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tom 109

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nr 2

235-261

EN

The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Premysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278), and legal and administrative changes, carried out at the mint of Venice (Zecca) and the house of German merchants (Fondaco dei Tedeschi), as a background for the development of trade contacts between the Kingdom of Bohemia and Venice. The second aim is to point to the fact that this long-distance trade had a cultural dimension. The archaeological finds from the Czech lands support a direct connection between exported silver bullion and imported Islamic and Italian glass, linked to a high dining culture focused on a wine consumption.

5

HLOHOVEC VO VÍRE VOJENSKÝCH UDALOSTÍ PO PÁDE VEĽKEJ MORAVY DO KONCA 13. STOROČIA

75%

Gálik Z.

Vojenská história

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2016

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tom 20

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nr 2

6 - 22

EN

In the introduction of the study, the author addresses the localization of the Hlohovec Castle, which is still debatable and cannot be determined definitely. The author claims that this is only caused by the progress of archaeological research and its localization will be solved by the future archaeological investigation in this area. He also notes that several historians have assumed that the Hlohovec Castle, first mentioned in writing in 1113, was standing at the place of an old Slavic settlement. In the era mentioned by Anonymus, the Hlohovec Castle was not only a fortress but also the administrative centre of the territory. Therefore, the Old Hungarians have already found a highly developed administrative organization here. Instead of revoking it, they took a hold of it, seized it and continued running many of the existing administrative centres in the territory under their own rule. Furthermore, the author analyses the period of 11th to 13th century, when the administration of royal property, military organization as well as the state and judicial power used to be seated at county castles such as the one in Hlohovec. The county system originated as the means of organizing the large royal (formerly princely) property, which in many ways grew from the older Great Moravian tradition. The county Hlohovec Castle was a military fortress capable of resisting even long-term siege. It prevented the enemy forces to make an advance deeper inside the country. Its fortification was probably made of timber-and-earth mounds, several meters broad, providing sufficient protection against invaders. The only disadvantage was that the attackers could set them on fire. After the Tatars had left the country (1241 – 1242), the county Hlohovec Castle, as the centre of the small border county, was rebuilt from timber-and-earth fortification to a solid stone castle. The paper further contains description of the military events in 1271 – 1280.

6

Vratislavský vévoda Jindřich IV. Probus a poslední Přemyslovci

63%

Bar P.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2008

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tom 106

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nr 4

753-787

EN

This study analyses narrative and diplomatic sources which provide an account of the changeable relationships of the Wroclaw Duke Henryk IV Probus towards the Przemyslid Dynasty. Written resources do not, however, always allow for an unambiguous interpretation and many questions still remain unanswered. Yet, based on research carried out thus far, it is possible to state that the Duke's relationship towards the last Przemyslids oscillated between vassalage, alliance and rivalry. This changeability was the result, firstly, of the Duke coming into contact with different personalities of the Przemyslid Dynasty, and also followed from the wider historical context which in the final third of the 13th century was marked by a strengthening of the Hapsburgs' influence upon events in Central Europe.