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EN
Sex ratio, weight, fecundity, fertility and longevity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) wild adults from wild populations of Southern part of Syria were examined. In addition, percentage of larvae entering diapause from each generation was investigated and the relationship between female weight and fecundity was examined. The results showed that sex ratio was about 1: 1 (males to females), adult weight ranged, on average, from 14.4 to 25.7 mg for spring generation males and females respectively and from 19.5 to 32.6 mg for summer generation males and females in the same order. Fecundity of the spring generation moths was close to 85 eggs/female; this number increased by about 30% for summer generation females and a strong relationship was found between female weight and fecundity. Adult fertility, for both generations (spring and summer), exceeded 90%, longevity ranged from about 10 days for spring generation adults to about 9 days for summer generation moths and males lived little longer than females. These results may serve as a reference in quality control measures for codling moth mass rearing in Syria.
EN
The sex ratio in the natural population of most Hymenopteran parasitoids is 1 : 1. Females of these parasitoids, however, can regulate the sex of their offspring in response to environmental and biological factors. Under certain circumstances, this may lead to an overproduction of males, which can result in a very negative impact on any control program using these parasitoids. For these reasons, understanding the effect of these factors is very important. In this study, five biological and environmental factors known to affect sex ratio in parasitic Hymenoptera were investigated for Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael, a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. Results showed that food, ambient temperature, and parasitoid age had significant effects on the sex ratio of the offspring of Hymenopteran parasitoids. The percentage of females decreased with lack of food, parasitoid age (when it became 10-days-old or older), and at low (15°C) and high (35°C) temperatures. The effect of host age and density, however, was not significant.
EN
The biomechanical role of the zygapophysial joints was investigated for axial rotations of lumbar segments by recording the positions of the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) against the axial rotational angle and by relating these IHA-positions to anatomical landmarks. Cyclically varying pure axial moments were applied to 3 L1/L2, 7 L3/L4 and 3 L4/L5 segments. There were 800 segment positions per cycle taken by a custom-made high precision 3D-position measuring system. In intact segments IHA-migration reached from one zygapophysial joint to the other IHA-paths came up to 10–60 mm within small angular intervals (š1 deg). After removing the right joints, IHA-migration remained comparable with that of intact segments only for segment positions rotated to the right. Rotation to the left, however, approximately yielded stationary IHA-positions as found after resection of both joints. Hence, IHA-migration is determined by the joints already for small rotational angles. Each type of segment showed a typical pattern of IHA-migration.
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