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EN
Genetic variability of yew (Taxus baccata L.) trees in seven nature reserves (Jasień, Czarne Człu− chowskie, Choczewo, Wierzchlas, Wirty, Rokita and Mogilno/Stary Sącz) in Poland was investigated by RAPD methods. The results showed high genetic differences between populations ranging from 22.7% among the population of Stary Sącz and hedge (+) to 86.1% between Wierzchlas and Rokita (+). Based on the results of RAPD analyses, the studied populations were divided into three groups of similarity. The first include Jasień and Choczewo the populations, the second Rokita (+), hedge (–) and Stary Sącz, and the third remaining populations. High level of genetic diversity was showed among the studied populations, is essential to the adaptability of the population of yew. This theoretically increases the chances of survival species thanks to the possibility of passing to preferred combinations of genes to the future generations.
EN
RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA was carried out with eight restriction enzymes BamHI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HindIII, MspI, PstI, SalI and XhoI, from which nine mitochondrial gene probes (atp6, atp9, atp1, cox1, nad3, nad6, nad9, pol-r, orf25) were hybridized, by means of digestion products, for seven species of the genus Secale. RFLP EcoRI/pol-r specific markers were determined for all the species of rye. To estimate the relationships among species, genetic pairwise similarities between them were estimated and a UPGMA dendrogram was constructed. The analysis separated the species into two groups. The first comprises the pair Secale sylvestre Host and S. cereale subsp. segetale Zhuk., exhibiting the greatest genetic similarity, that is, closest relationships. The second group is composed of S. strictum/Presl/Presl, S. strictum/Presl/Presl subsp. kuprijanovii/Grossh./ Hammer, S. strictum/Presl/Presl subsp. africanum/Stapf/Hammer, Secale cereale L. and S. vavilovii Grossh., with one clear subgroup comprising Secale strictum/Presl/Presl and S. strictum/Presl/Presl subsp. kuprijanovii/ Grossh./Hammer. The latter two species showed the highest genetic similarity to each other and relatively high genetic similarity to the remaining species in the group.
EN
The knowledge of the genetic variability and structure of Salmo trutta population is needed for effective protection of the species and rational management of the resources. A number of marker systems have been introduced to evaluate the genetic variability of trout populations. Among them, the most often used are the RAPD and SSR markers. Both marker systems are classified as type II markers (O’BRIEN 1991, LERCETEAU-KÖHLER and WEISS 2006). In this study, the genetic variability of the Salmo trutta m. fario and Salmo trutta m. trutta populations from the Rega river, and the three watercourses Sitna, Słopica and Bagnica of the Drawa river catchment area, were analysed. One stream, the Chojnówka (located outside the catchments of the above streams), was used as an extra study area. Based on two marker systems, different results were obtained. In the case of RAPD analysis, all loci were polymorphic in all populations. The use of these marker systems permitted the construction of UPGMA similarity trees. The trees revealed a division of the analysed populations into two groups: one group from the Słopica river and the other group from the remaining watercourses. In the second similarity group, two subgroups can be distinguished: one comprising the population of the sea trout from the Rega river and that of the brown trout from the Sitna river (60.7%), and the other consisting of the parr trout populations from the Chojnówka, Bagnica and Sitna (50.3–79.4%). Between the analysed populations, 100% polymorphism was found. The results indicate a high genetic variability of the studied populations. In the case of SSR analysis, 9 microsatellite loci isolated from five trout populations were described. The number of alleles at these loci ranged from 1 to 5 with an average of 2.8 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.07 to 0.66, with an average of 0.35. The results indicate high genetic variation of the populations studied.
PL
W pracy badano zmienność między populacjami Salmo trutta m. fario i Salmo trutta m. trutta pochodzącymi z Regi oraz trzech cieków zlewni Drawy: Sitnej, Słopicy i Bagnicy na podstawie analizy RAPD i SSR. Do analizy dodano jedną populację – Chojnówkę zlokalizowaną poza zlewnią Drawy. Na podstawie dwóch systemów markerowych otrzymano zróżnicowane wyniki. W przypadku analizy RAPD wszystkie loci były polimorficzne we wszystkich populacjach. Drzewo UPGMA przedstawia podział analizowanych populacji na dwie grupy: do pierwszej należy jedynie populacja Słopicy, a do drugiej wszystkie pozostałe. W pracy stwierdzono także występowanie 100% polimorfizmu między analizowanymi populacjami. W przypadku analizy SSR badano 9 loci mikrosatelitarnych w 5 populacjach. Drzewo UPGMA na podstawie tego systemu markerowego przedstawia podział badanych populacji na dwie grupy podobieństwa: jedną złożoną z populacji z Regi i drugą, do której należą pozostałe populacje. Populacja dorosłych oraz troci w stadium parr z Sitnej tworzą odrębną podgrupę podobieństwa. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na bardzo duże zróżnicowanie genetyczne badanych ryb.
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