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T. G. MASARYK A TZV. POKUS O KULTURNÍ BOJ V ČESKOSLOVENSKU V LETECH 1918–1920/1921

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Žák P.

Studia theologica

2011

tom 13

nr 4

42–65

The goal of this paper is to describe the role of Tomáš G. Masaryk in the so-called Cultural Struggle Attempt in Czechoslovakia shortly after World War I. Masaryk is well known for his anti-catholic opinions and beliefs as well as for his struggles with the Roman Catholic Church during the era of the Austrian Monarchy. The paper suggests that Masaryk did not pursue his personal anti-catholic ideas in his policy toward the church when he became president. Instead, he enacted policies which were advantageous and protective for the Catholic Church. The role of Masaryk is presented on the issues of the crisis in the Catholic Church and the creation of the secessionist Czechoslovak church, the anti-catholic movement and the separation of church and state. Despite this positive shift in Masaryk’s views, it is necessary to mention that Masaryk’s ideas were used on a large scale in the campaign against the Catholic Church at the beginning of the Czechoslovak Republic.

T. G. Masaryk a politický katolicismus v období první ČSR (1918-1935)

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Žák P.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

2012

tom 20

nr 1

97-130

Masaryk’s attitude to political Catholicism was slowly developing from 1918 to 1935. The Catholic political groups were mostly Czech (Czechoslovak People’s Party, CSL), Slovak (Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, HSLS), and German (German Christian Social People’s Party, DCV). Prior to 1918, Masaryk’s views of the Catholic political parties were rather negative, as he considered political Catholicism an inadmissible interference of the ecclesiastic world in the political arena. After the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 and during the 1920s, Masaryk’s negative attitude to those parties remained unchanged. In the 1930s, however, he modified a little his attitude to the Catholic Church and to political Catholicism. A great success was the Catholic Congress held in 1935 and openly supported by Masaryk. His attitude in the period of time under consideration was far from being homogeneous; it depended on the particular party or person, and showed also alterations in time. Apparent discontinuity can be seen in the views before and after 1918. Masaryk’s relation to particular representatives of the Catholic political camp can be also used to demonstrate his ability to balance the radical streams within the particular groups. However, Masaryk was personally far from considering the question of Catholic belief to be closed or finally resolved

Pavel VI. a evropská společenství v letech 1963‒1978

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Žák P.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

2015

tom 23

nr 1

241-258

The objective of this study is to describe Pope Paul VI’s European integration policy. From the 1950s, the Vatican had been one of strongest advocates and promoters of the idea of European integration. Pope Pius XII had been a convinced federalist and supported every pro-European initiative. During John XXIII’s pontificate, the topic of European integration was put temporarily on the backburner, but under Paul VI it once again became a fairly common topic of the Pope’s speeches. Paul VI built on the traditions of Pius XII and defended a strong European identity, demanded the weakening of state sovereignty and a bolder role for the European Community in development and humanitarian aid, including taking on a peace-keeping role in the world. This research draws mainly on documents contained in Acta Apostolicae Sedis.