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EN
Due to a similar chemical structure to 17β-estradiol (E₂), phytoestrogens may inhibit or modulate endogenous estrogen action. Although the authors demonstrated that phytoestrogens did not influence basal progesterone (P4) secretion, nonetheless it simultaneously inhibited the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prostaglandin (PG) E₂ on P4 release in bovine corpus luteum (CL) in vitro. Since phytoestrogens are luteolytic factors in the late luteal stage (enhanced PGF₂α secretion in vitro and the level in plasma), these factors possibly also play some role in cytokine action (mediators of PGF₂α during luteolysis) in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of phytoestogen metabolites on the sensitivity of bovine corpus luteum cells on tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ and interleukin 1β action, by measuring the level of PGF₂α and stable metabolites of nitric oxide and by determining the viability of CL cells on day 15 of the estrous cycle. Phytoestrogens can increase functional luteolysis by enhancing PGF₂α and NO synthesis stimulated by cytokines. Moreover, phytoestrogens can modulate structural luteolysis by increasing the sensitivity of steroidogenic cells on the cytotoxic action of cytokines in bovine CL.
EN
It has been demonstrated recently that phytoestrogens (ekwol, para-ethyl-phenol and 17β-estradiol) modulate steroidogenesis and enhance luteolytic PGF₂α and cytokine action in bovine corpus luteum (CL). The regression of bovine CL is dependent on the appropriate contact between all the types of CL cells and induction of consecutive luteolysis mediators. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of phytoestrogens on the secretion of luteolytic mediators depending on cell type and cell-to-cell contact. The studies were conducted according to the earlier established cell coculture model, which allowed the studies of interactions between steroidogenic cells, endothelial cells and immune CL in vitro. As indicators of phytoestrogene actions during luteolysis the authors measured the levels of PGF₂α, leukotrien C₄ and stable nitric oxide metabolites (NO₂/NO₃) using immuno-enzymatical assays (EIA). Phytoestrogenes stimulated secretion of PGF₂α, LTC₄ and NO₂/NO₃ in steroidogenic cells (p < 0.05) at the highest level. Cell cultures in cocultures (in composition steroidogenic, endothelial, immune cells) did not influence the effect of phytoestrogens, which indicated that steroidogenic cells are the main target for phytoestrogen action within the bovine CL.
EN
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in mammals is based on the communication between embryo/fetus, uterus and corpus luteum. The development and maintenance of the gestation needs a great deal of physiological adaptations in females, especially in the immunological system. In ruminants IFNτ has a basic meaning for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. IFNτ is an antyluteolitic factor produced by mononuclear cells in the trophoblast and ensure the communication between the female and the developing embryo. However, in pigs IFNτ secretion is not a factor of pregnancy recognition and the communication between the mother and embryos may be conducted by estrogens at about 10-11 days of gestation and the change in PGF₂α secretion. Up until now interferone produced by trophoblasts has not been observed in horses. Pregnancy maintenance and embryo development depends on the embryo migration in the uterus lumen before implantation. Little is known about maternal recognition signals of pregnancy in carnivores. The only thing that has been confirmed is elevated concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, seromucoid, ceruloplasmine, glikoproteins) detected in pregnant bitches’ serum.
EN
Since alpha-alpha, lucern and soy bean contain high concentrations of phytoestrogens, plant estrogens may be present in fodder for ruminants, especially dairy cattle. Although the concentration of basic flavonoids in blood plasma of cows fed soy bean rises within one hour of feeding, their active metabolites are present in the blood plasma in high concentrations for a lengthy period after feeding. Phytoestrogens are much less active than endogenous estrogens, therefore their 1000-times higher concentrations in the blood plasma enable them to act on the hormonal status of the female. They might influence the reproductive processes on many regulatory levels: on the central level as well as local and peripheral levels. It has been proved that phytoestrogens might inhibit secretion and action of pituitary LH, thus modulating the action of endogenous estrogens in the follicular phase of the estrus cycle, which may be a reason for a lack of estrus and disruption of the ovulation. Although phytoestrogens and their active metabolites do not directly influence P4 secretion in the bovine luteal cells, they may inhibit the sensitivity of the bovine CL to luteotropic factors, including LH. They may also stimulate testosterone and prostaglandin (PG)F₂α secretion leading to disruption of steroidogenesis in the CL. Within the bovine oviduct and uterus, phytoestrogens modulate synthesis and action of the factors responsible for conception, embryo development and implantation. Phytoestrogens stimulate PGF₂α synthesis in the bovine endometruim, leading to the disruption of the ratio of luteotropic to luteolytic arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. Therefore, they might be one of the reasons for the disruption of early pregnancy and in the end lead to embryo mortality. In conclusion, when feeding animals with fodder containing many phytoestrogens, the fact that their high productivity might lead to low reproduction efficiency must be taken into account.
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