Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ewolucja i ewaluacja polityki rynku pracy w Polsce

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Woźniak M.

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nr 41

71-81

PL

Duża dynamika przeobrażeń gospodarczych niesie ze sobą wyzwania, które nie istniały jeszcze pod koniec ubiegłego wieku. Szczególne piętno owe przemiany odciskają na rynku pracy i uwidaczniają się chociażby w powstawaniu nowych zawodów, upadku tradycyjnego modelu pracy czy przeniesieniu wielu aktywności zawodowych w sferę wirtualną. W takich warunkach kreowanie efektywnej polityki rynku pracy stanowi nie lada wyzwanie dla współczesnych krajów Europy i świata. Kluczowym problemem staje się dopasowanie interwencji państwa do rzeczywistości rynków pracy. Polityka państwa na rynku pracy niesie ze sobą jednak szereg trudno uchwytnych efektów ubocznych, których trafne rozpoznanie może przyczynić się do optymalizacji alokacji środków oraz poprawy dobrostanu społecznego. Artykuł nakreśla powyższy problem, który wciąż jest niedostatecznie rozpoznany na gruncie nauk społeczno-ekonomicznych w Polsce. W tekście omówiono również najważniejsze wyniki badania efektywności polityki rynku pracy w Polsce, przeprowadzone w latach 2014–2016 przez autora niniejszego artykułu.

2

„Sarmacka” zapinka ze Słupna, pow. wołomiński

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Woźniak M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2012

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tom LXIII

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nr 63

234-237

EN

Site no. 3 at Słupno, distr. Wołomin, was discovered during a surface survey during early 1990s (Fig. 1). It yielded four featureless fragments of prehistoric pottery, two of them evidently burnt, and a slightly damaged bronze fibula (Fig. 2a) with a high catchplate and an upper cord, a type defined as “Sarmatian”. It is commonly understood that similar forms emerged in the Danubian region and later spread to the north. They are dated to the second half of the 2nd and onset of 3rd century AD; in the northern reaches of Central European Barbaricum they linger a little longer, until the end of the first half of 3rd century (phases B2/C1–C1b). At present a few score fibulae of the described form are recorded in Poland, mostly on the territory occupied by Przeworsk settlement with a smaller number recorded in sites attributed to Wielbark Culture. The fibula from Słupno is one of only two specimens of this type discovered in the area of Mazowsze on the right-hand bank of the Vistula River and in Podlasie. The second fibula comes from grave 12/61 in the cemetery at Goździk 1, distr. Garwolin (Fig. 2b). Neither fibula can be dated reliably from its context, so we have to base on the chronology of similar forms recorded outside the region and confine them both to phase B2/C1–C1a. At this time in right-bank Mazowsze there was a major change in the culture outlook, associated with a southward migration of Gothic tribes. The findings of recent decades confirm a partial coexistence of local Przeworsk communities with the bearers of Wielbark Culture moving into the area from the north. In this situation it is legitimate to address the question of culture attribution of fibulae from Goździk and Słupno. While we can attribute the fibula from Goździk relatively soundly to Wielbark Culture, determining the culture attribution of the surface find from Słupno is more problematic. The site lies within a settlement concentration found to the left of the lower reaches of the Narew River. Archaeological material discovered in the nearby grave-fields (e.g. Łajski, distr. Legionowo, Załubice Stare, distr. Wołomin) testifies to a continued presence of Przeworsk communities until the onset of the Late Roman Period. hus, we cannot hope to establish the culture attribution of the fibula from Słupno conclusively. Nevertheless the fact group VII fibulae with a high catchplate are absent from the archaeological record in the Eastern zone of Przeworsk Culture suggests that the specimen may have a Wielbark provenance.

3

ALTERNATYWNA DROGA REINTEGRACJI DŁUGOTRWALE BEZROBOTNYCH

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Woźniak M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2011

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tom 38

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nr 10(451)

16-22

EN

The aim of the article is to present the modern programme of Long-Term Unemployed reintegration. One of key assumptions of this programme is to separate the stock of LTU into several groups characterised with specific likenesess. Reintegration methods would be indywidual – depending on the group type/identity. Antother component of decribed programme is the network of local institutions which support and monitor LTU. Furthermore, the article raises issues conected with validation of ALMP.

4

Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Kozłówku, pow. nidzicki (d. Klein Koslau, Kreis Neidenburg) w świetle publikacji i materiałów archiwalnych

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Woźniak M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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tom LXII

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nr 62

169-208

EN

The village Kozłówko, commune Kozłowo, distr. Nidzica, voiv. warmińsko-mazurskie (former Klein Koslau, Kr. Neidenburg) lies some 20 km to the south-west of the town Nidzica, on a small elevation on the left bank of the Szkotówka, right-bank tributary of the Nida R. During the 18th century relics of an ancient cemetery were identified near this locality. In volume II of his work Versuch einer wirtschaftlichen Naturgeschichte von dem Königreich Ost- und Westpreußen, F. Bock recorded the presence of fifteen small circular pavements which were to be found in the vicinity of the village Klein Koslau. In 1890 the Prussia Museum at Königsberg added to its collections a grave assemblage unearthed during farming on one of the small hills close to the village. In the autumn of 1891 Kozłówko was visited by J. Heydeck, vice-chairman of Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia. The discovery of further artefacts during this visit and survey of the site led to a decision to excavate. Archaeological investigation covering a fragment of the southern slope of the elevation identified eighty or so flat graves and a barrow. The material from Kozłówko passed to Prussia Museum where it remained until the evacuation at the end of the second world war. Its present location is unknown. Perhaps this material was not taken out of the city at all – this is suggested by the discovery made in 2000 in Kaliningrad, of a buckle originating from grave XXXVII. Heydeck published the results from the fieldwork in a brief report, providing a general description of the site and listing 39 grave inventories, illustrating twelve of them. This brief report is supplemented to some extent by information found in later works – E. Blume and R. Schindler, and in the private files of German archaeologists. Most of the flat graves were unurned cremations; only four appear to have contained cinerary urns (graves XVI, XXX, XXXV). The grave pits were basin-like, with a diameter of up to 1.5 m and a depth in the range of 35–45 cm. Individual burials had an irregular distribution within the cemetery, with larger and smaller spaces between them. A number of grave outlines were in contact and, in a few cases, later burials intruded on older grave pits. At the time of Heydeck’s investigation most of the graves were in good condition, only a few of them, found at the highest level, next to the northern margin of the cemetery, had suffered damaged from ploughing. A few graves were under circular pavements of fieldstones. The grave goods were discovered in 40 graves. The largest group of metal finds (17) were bronze brooches. Fourteen originated from grave assemblages (A, VII, IX, X, XVI, XVII, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVII, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXIX) one was a stray find. Arguably the earliest form is the fibula type A 41 discovered in grave A; it is a form characteristic mainly for the area of the Odra and the Vistula basin during phase B2/C1–C1a. Tendril brooches, the largest group, were noted in eight graves, a ninth was a surface find lacking context. Specimens close to types A161–162 were discovered in four graves (X, XVI, XXV, XXXIV). Specimens recorded in graves XVI (Fig. 4/XVI:1), XXV and XXXIV, with an arched or a knee-shaped bow, belong in phases C1b–C2, and a fibula from grave X, with a flat ribbon bow, is datable to phases C3–D. The remaining five tendril brooches are specimens with the end of the foot hammered flat into a catch, types A172 and A168/172. Four of these come from graves (VII, IX, XXXI, XXXIV), one was a stray find. Type A172 brooches are characteristic mainly for deposits attributable to so-called Gothic cultures. They are dated starting from phase C2 until the early segment of the Migration Period although they are regarded by some researchers as forms restricted to phase C3. Nevertheless, fibulae A172 may probably be recognised as a form diagnostic for the final phase of Wielbark Culture occupation corresponding to phases C3–D. Grave XXII contained a fibula type A185 with “an openwork” foot. Its bow was decorated with cross-wise incisions to imitate coiled wire seen Almgren 1 series VI group brooches. Similar forms were discovered e.g., at Niedanowo, graves 539 and 549, and Pruszcz Gdański 6 (former Prauster Dreieck); their dating is confined to phases C2–D. Gave XXXI, datable to phases C3–D, contained a brooch with a lozengic foot, similar to type A175, known as Elbefibel. These forms are characteristic mainly for northern Europe where they are dated mostly to phases C2 and C3. In Wielbark Culture this fibula form is rare, is recorded at e.g., Bzowo, Malbork-Wielbark, grave 1334 [133?], Stary Targ, grave 241, and is dated mainly to phases C3–D. In grave XXVII there were two ‘caterpillar’ brooches (Raupenfibel), variant 1b, variety A, series II of M. Tuszyńska. This form is recorded mostly on the southern Baltic littoral, most often, in Wielbark Culture and in West Balt cultures, where it is dated mainly to phases C3–D. From grave XVII comes a fibula with a large half-round disc on the head, so-called Spiralplattenfibeln. This find from Kozłówko is related to type Soest-Ardey. The variant is observed mainly on the territory of Wielbark Culture and in the region between the Elbe and the Rhine; it is dated to the second half of the 4th and onset of the 5th century. Grave XXI contained a fragment of a brooch with a round disc on the foot, design ZG 47 of A. Kokowski. This form, quite popular in the Wielbark Culture, is dated to phase C3–D. Another group of finds from the cemetery at Kozłówko are ten bronze buckles – a single stray surface find and specimens originating from seven graves (VII, X, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVIII, XXXVII). Two specimens, type AC13–17, were discovered in grave XXVIII; graves VII and, probably, grave XX, contained type AD11 forms. Type AD30, dated to phases B2/C1–C2, is represented by the stray buckle discovered on the surface of the cemetery type AE4, from phases C1b–C2, is represented by a large specimen discovered in grave XXXVII. Grave XXI contained a buckle type AH11. A similar specimen, presumably, type AH14, was found in grave XX. A type AH16 or AH27 buckle was discovered in grave X. The three last finds are dated to phase C3–D. Fragments of thick-walled glass vessels, including types E 230 and E 237, were discovered in at least seventeen graves, not only in richly furnished burials but also assemblages with a very modest inventory. On most occasions they occurred in company of wheel-made vessels. This situation was recorded in no less than nine graves (IV–VII, IX, XI, XII, XXXI, XL). Hand-built pottery, mainly bowls from groups VI, XIV and XVIII of R. Wołągiewicz, were observed in twenty-seven features. Most of these vessels survived in fragmented form, their number in individual assemblages usually ranged from one to three, but in nine assemblages (VIII–X, XII, XVI, XXI, XXII, XXXI, XXIV) there were more of these pieces – up to no less than eight. These graves represented the best furnished burials in the cemetery. Finally, there were personal ornaments and dress accessories: a shield-headed bracelet (grave A), a finger-ring (grave XXXIV), bucket pendants (grave XXII), a bell pendant (grave XXXI), wire and bead pendants (graves VI, VIII, XXXI, XXXIV), glass beads (graves II, VI, VIII, X, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, XXVI, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXVII), and ornamental clay globular objects (grave XXXI). There was also a smaller group of items of everyday use: needles or awls (graves XXXVI, XXXIX, XXXVII), bone combs (graves VI, XXIX), an ear pick (grave XIX), spindle-whorls (graves VI, X, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXVIII, a stray find), fire-making tools (grave XXXII, a stray find) and metal casket mounts (grave XXXVII). The cemetery at Kozłówko was established during phase B2/C1–C1a, as is evidenced by the inventory of grave A. Very likely, graves XXX and XXXVI containing black cinerary urns also belong in this phase. The remainder of the reliably dated graves are younger and may be distinguished into two groups. Group I would include four graves (XVI, XXV, XXXVII, XXXIX) datable by the presence in their inventory of A161–162 brooches and a buckle with an omega-shaped frame to phases C1b–C2. Group II is larger and includes nine features (VI, VII, X, XVII, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIV, XXXI). The presence in them of brooches type A172, A VI series 2, glass bowls E 230 and E 237, and of buckles with a thickened frame, establishes the dating of this group fairly reliably as phases C3–D. The dating of late phase C2 or onset of phases C3–D is suggested for grave XXII by the presence in it of the fibula with the ‘openwork foot’ and of a glass bowl E 230. Left outside group I and group II, are seven assemblages furnished only with ceramic vessels and fragments of glasses which prevented their attribution to either of these groups. The exceedingly small number of graves attributable to the earliest phase of the cemetery and the domination of burials dating from a later period suggest that the investigation took in mainly the youngest fragment of the grave-site. What is striking is that a cemetery with such an large surface area contained so few features (on average, 3–4 graves per 100 m2); could it be that the boundaries of this site were identified incorrectly? The cemetery at Kozłówko belongs to a local micro-region of Wielbark Culture settlement defined as the Nidzica concentration which occupied the northern fringe of the present day province of Mazowsze, extended in the south to the Działdówka R., in the east, to the Nida R.; its northern boundary was defined by a series of lakes bordering on the moraine heights of Garb Lubawski. The western boundary is more elusive – the westernmost site attributed to the Nidzica concentration may have been recorded near the village Gródki, distr. Działdowo (former Grodtken, Kr. Soldau). Outside this relatively compact area we can probably attribute to the same group isolated sites identified on the left bank of the Nida R. – at Pokrzywnica Wielka, Szczepkowo Zalesie and Muszaki (former Muschaken, Kr. Neidenburg), all of them in distr. Nidzica. So far from this area we have a record on a dozen-odd sites of Wielbark Culture. Most were investigated before WW II and this affects the amount of data available at present. The beginning of Wielbark Culture settlement in this area started presumably during phase B2/C1. Numerous burials from this period were identified at nearly all the sites of the Nidzica concentration – at Kozłówko, Niedanowo 2, Turza Wielka, distr. Działdowo (former Groß Tauersee, Kr. Soldau), Litwinki, distr. Nidzica (former Littfinken, Kr. Neidenburg), Turza Mała, distr. Nidzica (former Klein Tauersee, Kr. Neidenburg), Wilamowo, distr. Nidzica (former Wilmsdorf, Kr. Neidenburg), and possibly, also Pielgrzymowo, distr. Nidzica (former Pilgramsdorf, Kr. Neidenburg) and Sławka Wielka, distr. Nidzica (former Groß Schlaffken, Kr. Neidenburg). During phase C1b–C2 most of the cemeteries already established earlier were still in use – as documented by substantial evidence from this period recorded at e.g., Kozłówko, Niedanowo 1 and 2, Litwinki and Sławka Wielka. Also noteworthy is the rich barrow burial no. I identified at Pielgrzymowo, which is placed mostly in late phase C2, or possibly at the onset of phases C3–D. At the close of the Roman Period and the beginning of the Migration Period the number of graves in some cemeteries visibly increase, e.g., at Niedanowo and Kozłówko. The presence of numerous objects foreign to the Wielbark tradition, e.g., glass vessels, suggest that the people inhabiting in northern Mazowsze took part in exchange with the outside world. The special role of the Nidzica concentration is confirmed by the grave inventories recorded at Kozłówko. The higher than average number of glass vessels and wheel-made wares discovered at this cemetery documents the existence of intensive exchange between the community of users of this grave-site with the Black Sea region. Individual finds (e.g., A175, A185 brooches), which may be referred to materials characteristic for western Pomerania, lands on the Elbe R. and Scandinavia, attest to connections with the south-western region of the Barbaricum. Both directions of exchange may be attributed to the existence at the close of Antiquity of a network of extensive contacts, in which – it seems – the local populations had a significant share. Connections with the eastern Baltic region are evidenced by the find of an iron pendant discovered in grave XXXI, a form distinctive above all for Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture.

5

Nowe materiały ze schyłku okresu wpływów rzymskich i początków okresu wędrówek ludów z okolic Wyszogrodu, w pow. płockim

100%

Woźniak M.

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tom LXX

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nr 70

246-249

EN

The collection of the Muzeum Wisły Środkowej i Ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej (Vistula River and Wyszogród Land Museum) in Wyszogród contains hitherto unknown artefacts from the end of the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. These include: a late brooch with returned foot of Almgren VI,2 series (Fig. 2:1), fragment of a plate-headed brooch (Fig. 2:2), and a beak-shaped strap-end (Fig. 2:3), discovered at Rębowo, Płock County (Fig. 1), and a belt buckle with a thickened frame (Fig. 3) from Wyszogród, Płock County (Fig. 1). All artefacts are made of copper alloy. These forms are typical of the latest phase of the Wielbark Culture in the area of Mazovia on the right bank of the Vistula and in Podlachia. Of particular importance is the fact that they were discovered in an area that, to a large extent, has not been archaeologically explored and which – in light of the material known so far – was devoid of settlement at the end of the Roman Period and at the beginning of the Migration Period.

6

Relikty cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z Błonia, pow. warszawski zachodni

100%

Woźniak M.

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tom LXX

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nr 70

225-238

EN

In the middle of April 1969, an urn cremation grave from the Roman Period (Fig. 2) was discovered by accident in Błonie, now Warsaw West County (Fig. 1). Several days later, a rescue excavation was carried out in the area of the find, during which four trenches with a total surface area of 130 square metres were opened. Another burial from the Roman Period, two settlement features from the Neolithic and the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, and three modern graves were registered within their limits (Fig. 3). In 1974, 1985, and 2015, fieldwalking surveys took place in the vicinity of the site. The material discovered at this time was interpreted as traces of a multicultural settlement and, in the Roman Period, also a place of iron production. These assumptions were confirmed by excavations that took place in recent years and were prompted by the intense residential development in the area of the site. However, no Przeworsk Culture graves were found during the excavations. The accidently discovered grave 1 is an urn cremation burial of an individual at the age of infans II/iuvenis. In addition to burnt bones, an iron axe (Fig. 4:1), fragments of a melted glass vessel (Fig. 5), and pieces of a burnt multilayer antler comb (Fig. 4:2) were found inside the urn. The clay vessel that served as a cinerary urn was made on a potter’s wheel (Fig. 4:3). Specimens of similar morphology are known from other Przeworsk Culture sites occupied in the Late Roman Period. The closest analogies, both territorially and stylistically, come from sites located not far from Błonie, on the Middle and Lower Bzura River. The iron axe corresponds to the Żarnowiec type. Objects of a similar shape are found in different parts of barbarian Europe, where they are dated within the range of the Late Roman Period. The slender specimen from Błonie, with a rectangular shaft-hole, finds its best parallels in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture in central Poland. It is not easy to date grave 1 based on local artefact forms. The destroyed glass vessel is the most problematic. The better preserved fragments suggest that it was a mould-blown cup decorated with vertical and fairly shallow grooves (Fig. 5). I am not aware of any such specimen found in the territory of Poland. The most similar vessels are found mainly at Roman cemeteries in the area of present-day Cologne, where they were also most likely made. They are usually dated to the 4th century AD. They are quite diverse – some differ from the specimen from Błonie by having narrower grooves; all have concave bottoms. Out of these specimens, the closest analogies are finds from the vicinity of Hambach, Lkr. Düren (Fig. 6:1), Cologne-Neußer Straße (Fig. 6:2), and Krefeld-Gellep, Lkr. Krefeld (Fig. 6:3), characterised by grooves of a similar size. Vessels with vertically ribbed bodies could have also been made in other regions, e.g. in the late Roman (phases C2–C3) glass workshop in Komarìv, Černìvcì Province, on the Dniester River. Unfortunately, we do not know of any glasses from that workshop that are decorated in the same manner as the preserved fragment from Błonie. In conclusion, grave 1 from Błonie should be dated to no earlier than phase C2, and most probably to phases C2–D. Grave 4 (Fig. 7) is a destroyed urn burial. Burnt bones of a child at the age of infans I, sherds of two smaller clay vessels, and a lump of melted glass were found inside the urn. Burnt bones, a fragment of a glass bead, and a spindle whorl (Fig. 7:1), all scattered by ploughing, were found within a 25 cm radius of the urn. The clay vessels found in grave 4 (Fig. 7:2–4) are forms typical of the Przeworsk Culture. They appear in phase B2 and are most often encountered in assemblages from the Late Roman Period. The assemblage from Błonie should most probably be dated to that later stage. The cemetery in Błonie together with neighbouring settlements formed a settlement complex (Fig. 1). A settlement, located several hundred metres to the east and registered at site AZP 57-63/1, was in use at the same time. The complex is a part of the Przeworsk Culture settlement cluster, where signs of intense iron production have been registered (The Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy). Only a small number of cemeteries is known from this region, which led to a theory that local iron production was isolated to the settlement base usually placed within the Przeworsk Culture settlement clusters situated several dozen kilometres to the west, on the Lower and Middle Bzura River. However, this hypothesis resulted from research focused on examination of the local metallurgy. Over a dozen cemeteries are known from the area of the metallurgical centre; they are usually poorly explored and unpublished. An analysis of the material from these sites is necessary to better understand the character of the local settlement of the Przeworsk Culture population. The cemetery in Błonie is also relevant to another research aspect, i.e. the nature of the late Roman settlement of the Przeworsk Culture in the area in question. In light of established findings, at the end of the Early Roman Period and the beginning of the Late Roman Period, the local settlement structures underwent a kind of regression, which is believed to be associated with a decline in large-scale iron production. The results of the latest archaeological research only partly support these findings. Some of the settlements were in fact abandoned at the beginning of the Late Roman Period. On the other hand, the well-examined sites founded near the end of the Early Roman Period do not demonstrate symptoms of a settlement crisis in phases C and D. What is different is the nature of these sites, as they do not show signs of the intense metallurgical activity known from the Early Roman Period.

7

MODELE POSZUKIWAŃ I DOPASOWAŃ JAKO NARZĘDZIE BADANIA RYNKÓW PRACY

100%

Woźniak M.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2012

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tom 74

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nr 4

219-237

EN

The aim of this paper is to explain the principles of operation of search and matching models and illustrate their research capabilities for the analysis of labour markets. The first part of the paper is a short historical review of the two models, and a presentation of the oldest, but also most frequently referred to in literature sequential job search model. The second part describes in detail the basic Mortensen-Pissarides (MP) model operating in a frictional environment. It begins with some theoretical assumptions, followed by a presentation of the matching technology, job creation and job destruction conditions and related to them wage determination mechanisms (Nash Bargaining Solution). Finally, a steady-state equilibrium is determined. In the third part, possible applications of the MP model to labour market analysis is presented. The main focus is put on the real business cycle (RBC) and the labour market policy (LMP). Weaknesses in performance of the MP model in those two aspects (RBS, LMP) are also discussed.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zagadnień związanych z modelami poszukiwań i dopasowań oraz zobrazowanie ich potencjalnych możliwości w zakresie analizy rynków pracy. W sekcji pierwszej tekstu skrótowo przedstawiono rys historyczny wspomnianych modeli oraz dwa ich główne kierunki rozwoju. Następnie zaprezentowano jeden z najstarszych, lecz i najszerzej w literaturze omawianych modeli: model sekwencyjnego poszukiwania pracy. W drugiej sekcji tekstu szczegółowo przedstawiono podstawowy model Mortensena i Pissaridesa. Najpierw omówione są założenia teoretyczne, następnie mechanizm poszukiwań i dopasowań, warunki tworzenia i destrukcji miejsc pracy oraz powiązane z nimi ustalenie płac na rynku (Nash Bargaining Solution – NBS), co w efekcie prowadzi do ustalenia stanu stacjonarnego modelu (steady-state equilibrium). W kolejnej części tekstu, na podstawie literatury, zostaje omówione i przedstawione zastosowanie modelu w analizach rynku pracy. Autor zwraca uwagę na zagadnienia najbliższe jego zainteresowaniom badawczym – na modelowaniu cyklu gospodarczego i polityki rynku pracy. W tych dwóch aspektach omówione zostają również potencjalne problemy i krytyka, z jaką model Mortensena i Pissaridesa się spotkał.

8

Genealogia i genetyka

100%

Woźniak M.

Rocznik Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Genealogicznego

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2011

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tom 3

203 - 228

PL

Artykuł stanowi prezentację badań genetycznych wykorzystywanych do określenia powiązań genealogicznych.

9

Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Litwinkach, pow. nidzicki

100%

Woźniak M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2016

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tom LXVII

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nr 67

195-226

EN

The village Litwinki (former Littfinken, Kreis Neidenburg) lies about 4 km to the north-west of the centre of Nidzica. Two cremation graves were unearthed here in 1910 when a clamp was being dug for the storage of potatoes. In 25–27 August of that year Felix Ernst Peiser excavated the site, uncovering 26 features. The archaeological finds passed to the Prussia-Museum in Königsberg where they continued until the evacuation of the museum in mid-1940s; their fate today is unknown. Preliminary study results were published by F. E. Peiser (1911), references to particular artefacts have been found in the works of archaeologists who made a study of the collections of the Prussia-Museum (cf. N. Åberg 1919, p. 155; W Gaerte 1929, fig. 141:a.e; R. Schindler 1940, passim). The main source of information about this find is at present a transcript of Peiser’s field diary, now in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin (SMB-PK/MVF, PM-IXd 1, PM-A 1460/1), with additional data found in private files completed before World War II (N. Åberg, Archiwum; H. Jankuhn, Archiwum; F. Jakobson, Archiwum; M. Schmiedehelm, Archiwum). The surviving archival record has made it possible to locate the site with some confidence about 130 m to the north of the pre-war Nidzica--Olsztynek road (Neidenburg-Hohenstein), immediately behind the buildings of the former Litwinki farm (Fig. 1:A). The size of the excavated area is unknown. The distance between the outlying features measured W-E and N-S was ca. 55 m and ca. 15 m respectively. However it is unclear whether the whole area lying between them was studied; moreover, a part of site had been damaged earlier. Out of 26 archaeological features uncovered in the cemetery 21 were graves,the other five were features with an obscure function. All features which could be determined as to their cultural attribution are associated with the Wielbark Culture. The largest group of graves (12) are cremations, deposited in a pit together with pyre debris, a smaller group (5) are cremations, deposited in a pit without the remains of the cremation pyre. There was also a single urned burial with pyre debris. The only burial identifiable with some confidence as an inhumation had a W-E orientation, uncharacteristic for the burial rite of the Wielbark Culture people (cf. R. Wołągiewicz 1981, p. 151). Two other features (nos. 14 and 15) are possible inhumation burial (or burials) but this interpretation is tentative (Fig. 9). Grave goods occurred in 21 features. Next to a modest quantity of pottery grave inventories included a few objects (mostly 2–4), mostly surviving fragmented. Fibulae, complete or fragmented, were found in nine graves. In seven graves they occurred singly (1, 3, 10, 12, 20, 21, 25), in two there was a pair (7, 22). According to the data in H. Jankuhn and M. Schmiedehelm’s files brooches were present in grave 27 as well but this disagrees with the data in F. E. Peiser’s field diary. Eight brooches were determined typologically. Stylistically the earliest form is represented by two brooches found in grave 7, from phase B2/C1–C1a (Fig. 2:3). They correspond in their construction to a spring-cover brooch variant with the spring covered by a cylinder, similar to type Almgren 42 dating to the younger segment of phase B2. The shape of the brooch bow is similar to that of late spring-cover brooch variants classified to type Almgren 41. Brooches similar to type Almgren 41 provided with a cylinder covering the spring are rare finds. They are noted across a broad territory occupied by the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 5:5–7), Wielbark Culture (Fig. 5:1–4) and the region settled by Balt tribes (Fig. 6), first of all, by the Dollkeim/Kovrovo Culture, where they represent the youngest stage in the developmental of Almgren 42 brooches. Other brooches determined typologically are tendril brooches characteristic for the Late Roman Period. A specimen found in grave 1, corresponding to early type Almgren 161–162 brooches, dates to stadium C1a. A younger form of this type are brooches decorated with coils of notched wire, type Almgren 167. A brooch of this description was found in grave 3, two more (cf. N. Åberg 1919, p. 155) were mentioned in the context of grave 27 but are likely to have been included in this inventory only after the excavations. In the Wielbark Culture Almgren 167 brooches are dated to phases C1 and C2, their largest number is noted in phase C1b and the older segment of phase C2 (J. Andrzejowski, T. Rakowski, K. Watemborska 2010, p. 145–146). Brooches found in graves 21 and 22 were form with returned foot and so-called dead spring, type Almgren 168. The specimen from grave 21 was made of silver, the specimen from feature 22 of bronze. In the so-called Gothic cultures brooches of this type are recognized as a key marker of phase C2 (K. Godłowski 1974, p. 39; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, p. 25; A. Kokowski 1995a, p. 33, 45). The other elements of the grave goods were much less numerous and in most cases little is known about them. Buckles were discovered in at least five graves. Four were made of bronze (graves 4, 7, 22, 25), one of iron (24). Their shape and dimensions are not known. A bronze bipartite buckle was mentioned by M. Schmiedehelm (Archiwum) in the context of grave 27 but this is not confirmed by other sources related to this feature. A bronze strap end of an unknown form was found as a stray find on the surface of the cemetery (so-called feature 5), near grave 6. Personal ornaments are represented by bronze shield-headed bracelets typical for the Wielbark Culture people (graves 1 and 7). From grave 1 came a silver S-shaped clasp (Fig. 2:2) and a gold pyriform pendant, type von Müller III (Fig. 2:1). Blass beads, most of them burnt, were recorded in five features (1, 21, 23, 25, 27). Grave 27 held a dress pin made of antler or bone with a head of triangular cross-section decorated with concentric rings, so-called ‘eyes’ (Fig. 4:1). Antler/bone pins are much more common in Wielbark Culture sites than previously thought (Fig. 7, 8; List 1). Everyday objects include clay spindle-whorls (1, 2, 7, 20, 21, 22, 23?, 27), antler/bone combs, some of them composite, one unipartite (Fig. 2:4), and a bronze needle (7). At least 23 pottery vessels (complete or fragments) were recovered from 15 features, one to three in in individual assemblages. Most of them are forms characteristic for the Late Roman Period, i.e., jars, group XIVA (2, 3, 19, 21, 22), bowls, types VIA (26), VIB (1) and VIB/C (16), also, their miniature forms, types XVIIIB (22) and XVIIIC (2). Additionally, there were individual specimens of bowls, type Xb (2, 7, 15), a beaker, type XIIIA (25) and tripartite vase-shaped forms, group IVA or XVIA (14, 21). The earliest burials discorede in the cemetery at Litwinki date to phase B2/C1–C1a (graves 1 and 7). The onset of the Late Roman Period (B2/C1–C1) is presumably the dating of grave 25 with a type XIIIA beaker, and more tentatively, grave 27 with an antler/bone pin, also, grave 26 with a type VIA urn, and graves 4, 6, 11, 13 and 24 containing burials in the form of clusters of bone deposited in a pit without the pyre debris. A younger group are graves from stadium C1b–C2, with brooches, types Almgren 167 (3) and 168 (21, 22). The rest of the features with no recorded furnishings can be dated only broadly to the Late Roman Period. Most of the features were located in part W of the excavated area (Fig. 9). Graves with a dissimilar dating and burial rite were found next to each other, but all of them were cremation burials. Inhumation graves (16 and possibly, burial/burials 14 and 15) were discovered at the centre of the investigated area. The situation in the E part of the cemetery was quite different, here there was a several metres’ wide strip of empty ground. Just three features were found here – a cremation grave (19) and two not easily interpreted pits (17, 18). The presence of this broad, archaeologically barren space is hard to explain. Possibly, this area had been damaged, not covered by the excavations, alternately, it could represent the periphery of what originally used to be a much larger site. Despite the discovery of only 26 features at Litwinki the material record from this cemetery helps improve our understanding of the burial rite practiced by the Wielbark Culture people living in Mazowsze and Podlasie. It is important to note the uncharacteristic orientation of the inhumation grave, and also, the presence of different forms of cremation burial. Furthermore, the materials from the cemetery confirm the fact that this diversity of cremation graves is characteristic for the earliest phases of the Wielbark Culture in the region. Also worth noting is the presence of uncharacteristic brooches in grave 7 and the gold pyriform pendant, unique in the Mazowsze-Podlasie province of the Wielbark Culture.

10

Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej

63%

Kaczyński B. , Woźniak M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

289-318

EN

Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.

11

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Kurkach, pow. działdowski, stan. III

63%

Woźniak M. , Grabarek A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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tom LXXI

|

nr 71

369-383

EN

In 2009 and 2011, artefacts from destroyed graves from the Roman Period (Fig. 3) were accidentally discovered in the village of Kurki, Działdowo County (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations at the site took place in 2009 and 2011. They covered an area of about 500 m2 (Fig. 4, 5). A total of 33 archaeological features were discovered, including five graves from the Roman Period. The graves discovered at Kurki can be attributed to the Przeworsk Culture. They are all cremation burials. Feature 1 (Fig. 6) is a pit cremation burial with remains of a funeral pyre and several vessels (whole or in fragments) lying close to an urn covered (?) with another vessel. Such graves are commonly encountered in the region. Features 23 (Fig. 10, 11), 30 (Fig. 12) and presumably 10a (Fig. 9) are pit graves, with bone material scattered in the pits together with remnants of a funeral pyre. In feature 2 (Fig. 7, 8), human remains were located at the bottom of the pit and covered with three vessels placed upside down. Such an arrangement is characteristic of the graves of the Przeworsk Culture from northern Mazovia. Adult individuals were buried in features 1 and 2, and an older child or adolescent (9–15 years) was interred in feature 23; the sex and age of the person from feature 30 could not be determined. In the case of one grave (10a), osteological material could not be classified. Burnt animal bones were also recorded in two graves (2, 23). Grave goods were fairly modest. Clay vessels (whole or in fragments), usually secondarily burnt, were found in all graves. They mostly represent forms typical of the early Roman, northern Mazovian pottery of the Przeworsk Culture. They find numerous analogies at neighbouring cemeteries, e.g. at Niedanowo, Nidzica County, and Gródki, Działdowo County. Among the less typical forms, a footed cup (Fig. 6:3), a bowl with a low shoulder (Fig. 6:5), and a ribbed bowl imitating Roman glass vessels (Fig. 10:3) are worth mentioning. Other artefacts were registered in two graves only: lumps of melted glass, most probably from a melted glass vessel (Fig. 6:7), were found in the cinerary urn from feature 1, and an iron handle of an organic container was discovered in feature 30 (Fig. 12:4). The examined graves come from phases B1b–B2. The cemetery at Kurki belongs to the local Nidzica-Działdowo settlement cluster of the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 13). Several sites of this group, most often cemeteries, are known in the vicinity. Most of them are poorly explored archaeologically or studied on a small scale; some are purely accidental discoveries (Kurki – Fig. 14; Rutkowice – Fig. 15).

12

A finite-buffer queue with a single vacation policy: an analytical study with evolutionary positioning

51%

Woźniak M. , Kempa W. , Gabryel M. , Nowicki R.

|

tom 24

|

nr 4

887-900

EN

In this paper, application of an evolutionary strategy to positioning a GI/M/1/N-type finite-buffer queueing system with exhaustive service and a single vacation policy is presented. The examined object is modeled by a conditional joint transform of the first busy period, the first idle time and the number of packets completely served during the first busy period. A mathematical model is defined recursively by means of input distributions. In the paper, an analytical study and numerical experiments are presented. A cost optimization problem is solved using an evolutionary strategy for a class of queueing systems described by exponential and Erlang distributions.

13

Inflammatory response to a marathon run in amateur athletes

32%

Kaleta-Duss A. M. , Lewicka-Potocka Z. , Dąbrowska-Kugacka A. , Raczak G. , Siekierzycka A. , Woźniak M. , Kalinowski L. , Lewicka E. K.

|

2021

|

tom 4

|

nr 1

43-49

EN

Background: While moderate physical exercise has positive effects on the cardiovascular system, the data regarding intensive endurance sports is biased with studies suggesting that the inflammatory response to strenuous exercise may act proarrhythmogenic. In amateurs, the effects of intensive endurance exercise on the cardiovascular system have not been studied. Analysis of the effects of a marathon on the kinetics of inflammatory biomarkers may bring new insights into this issue. Material and methods: We studied the effect of a marathon on the kinetics of inflammatory biomarkers: Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), Neopterin and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the population of 35 amateur male marathoners. The study was divided into 3 stages: two weeks prior to the marathon (S1), at the finish line (S2) and two weeks after (S3). Blood analyses for biomarkers were performed at each stage. Results: The concentrations of ET-1 (3.20 ± 0.90 vs. 1.30 ±0.34 pg/ml, p <0,001), PTX-3 (441.09 ± 295.64 vs. 279.99 ± 125.68 pg/ml, p < 0,001), Neopterin (9.97 ± 2.17 vs. 8.36 ± 2.68 nmol/l, p < 0,05) and IL-6 (32.5 ± 13.90 vs. 0.97 ± 0.77 pg/ml, p < 0,001) were significantly higher at S2 compared to S1. Conclusions: Running a marathon causes an acute rise in concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers. Further research is needed on the long-term effects of intensive endurance exercise on the cardiovascular system.

14

Współczesne przemiany czynników rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego

32%

Konecka-Szydłowska B. , Churski P. , Dolata M. , Dominiak J. , Hauke J. , Herodowicz T. , Nowak A. , Perdał R. , Woźniak M.

Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN

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2018

|

tom 183

67-88

15

Analysis of microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer with the use of a well characterized multiplex system.

32%

Powierska-Czarny J. , Miścicka-Śliwka D. , Czarny J. , Grzybowski T. , Woźniak M. , Drewa G. , Czechowicz W. , Sir J.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2003

|

tom 50

|

nr 4

1195-1203

EN

Analysis of microsatellite instability (MI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is recommended for screening patients with sporadic and hereditary malignancies. This study shows an application of a fluorescent hexaplex PCR system for microsatellite typing on A.L.F. DNA Sequencer (Pharmacia Biotech). This technique detects changes in microsatellites providing a time-efficient, reliable and accurate method for MI and LOH analyses. The Fragment Manager software was used for automated size calculation and quantitation of DNA fragments, enabling rapid and precise measurement of allelic ratios. We examined 70 breast cancer and 70 control DNA specimens, classified all the patterns of microsatellite alterations, and set up MI and LOH assessment criteria for the automated multiplex fluorescent method.