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EN
Understanding the biochemical processes associated with ovum fertilization and knowledge about the structure and function of individual substances participating in these processes is crucial for the development of biotechnological methods to improve reproduction of animals and humans. Among many components of seminal plasma, proteins and peptides play a specific role in regulation of the fertilization process, particularly through their ability to bind various types of ligands such as polysaccharides, lipids and ions. Heparin-binding proteins regulate capacitation and acrosome reaction processes. Affinity of plasma proteins to mannans of the fallopian tube epithelium facilitates formation of spermatozoa reservoirs in the female reproductive tract. Ability to bind phosphorylcholine is one of the conditions for the coating of the seminal plasma proteins on the sperm membrane and also determines the formation of oligomeric forms of certain proteins. Zinc binding by seminal plasma proteins regulates sperm chromatin condensation state. It also affects motility of these cells and acrosome reaction. The interspecies analysis indicates significant structural and functional similarities, especially for the proteins with low molecular weight. Fertility associated proteins (FAPs) have been determined in the bull, stallion, boar, ram and dog. The contents of these proteins correlate with the indicators of the fertilizing abilities of sperm. In humans, several seminal plasma proteins were found which serve as diagnostic markers of spermatogenesis, seminiferous epithelium state, and azoospermia. To determine the semen ability for preservation, measurement of some seminal plasma protein content may also be used. Addition of specific plasma proteins to a spermatozoa solution undergoing the process of preservation may be used to retain the features of the cells responsible for efficient fertilization.
EN
Zinc-binding proteins (ZnBPs) isolated from boar seminal plasma exert multiple effects on boar spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to determine whether the isolated zinc-binding proteins were capable of binding additional ligands. The affinity chromatography method was used for the first time to demonstrate that boar ZnBPs show affinity for both heparin (hep) and phosphorylcholine (pch). ZnBPs+hep accounted for approximately 20%, and ZnBPs+pch – for approximately 45% of total ZnBPs. Predominant polypeptides with molecular mass form 6.5 to 14 kDa were observed in both groups (ZnBPs+hep, ZnBPs+pch). The analyzed peptides’ low molecular mass and their ability to bind zinc ions as well as heparin and phosphorylcholine suggest that they belong to the family of multifunctional boar spermadhesins which perform their functions in the fertilization process by binding more than one ligand. The results indicate that the ZnBPs of boar seminal plasma may be involved in the processes associated with oocyte fertilization not only by zinc ions binding but also through heparin and phosphorylcholine.
EN
 In this study immunoelectrophoretic and double immunodiffusion analyses were used to investigate the antigenic character of zinc-binding proteins (ZnBPs), whereas the indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to identify their origin in boar reproductive tract. The mmunoelectrophoretic analysis of ZnBPs of the seminal plasma resulted in the appearance of three antigenic protein complexes, while specific immunoreactivity patterns of the anti-ZnBP serum were detected by double immunodiffusion analysis. Indirect immunofluorescence technique confirmed that ZnBPs were secreted by different reproductive tract tissues, suggesting their contributions to the seminal plasma.
EN
Zinc-binding proteins from seminal plasma (ZnBPs) originate in the secretions of different accessory sex glands and are implicated in key events associated with sperm-egg fertilization processes. This study describes the isolation and characterization of the ZnBPs of canine seminal plasma. Ejaculates were collected from three crossbred dogs for a 2-week period. The ZnBPs as well as non zinc-binding proteins (nZnBPs) were isolated by zinc-dependent affinity chromatography. The isolated fractions were subjected to native gel electrophoresis (one-dimensional polyacryamide gel electrophoresis, PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), using denaturing and reducing conditions. Zinc-elution profile using affinity chromatography displayed two protein fractions represented by the nZnBPs and ZnBPs, respectively. Using native gel electrophoresis, it was found that both the nZnBPs and ZnBPs occurred in their native state as aggregates, ranging from 140 to 669 kDa. The nZnBPs were disaggregated into 8 protein bands, with molecular weights ranging from 10.7 to 79.7 kDa, following SDS-PAGE analysis. By contrast, SDS-PAGE analysis of the ZnBPs revealed 13 protein bands, with molecular weights ranging from 11.6 to 152.3 kDa. Densitometric analysis showed that 46-48% of nZnBPs could be accounted by protein fractions with molecular weights of 10.7 and 14.2 kDa. Also, 2 protein fractions with molecular weights of 11.6 and 14.3 kDa, were predominant in ZnBPs, accounting for approximately 28-30% of the total proteins. These results demonstrate the zinc-binding capacity of proteins secreted by the canine prostate. The findings of this study indicate that ZnBPs of canine seminal plasma comprise several protein fractions, which might be implicated in the reproductive processes in the dog.
EN
 Affinity chromatography on Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow Gel-Zn2+ was used for fractionation of boar seminal plasma proteins. Approximately 30 % of total boar seminal plasma proteins showed affinity for zinc ions (ZnBP fraction). Native electrophoresis (PAGE) of ZnBP revealed six protein fractions which separated into 27 bands under denaturing conditions (SDS/PAGE). Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D PAGE) showed 148 polypeptides with isoelectric points mostly in the basic and neutral pH range. The zinc-binding proteins comprise mainly 10-20 kDa polypeptides which are probably members of the spermadhesin family. ZnBP present in the incubation mixture of spermatozoa stored for 1 or 24 h at 4 °C allowed preservation of a higher percentage of cells exhibiting linear motility in comparison to a control sample stored in PBS. Presented results indicate that proteins binding Zn2+ ions have a shielding effect on the sperm plasma membrane and acrosome of spermatozoa, protecting these structures against consequences of cold shock.
EN
Sperm surface binding sites for non-zinc-binding proteins (nZnBPs) and zinc-binding proteins (ZnBPs) were studied by the fluorescence technique with biotin-labelled proteins. The nZnBPs binding pattern was unspecific, no characteristic sites on plasmalemma were found. ZnBPs were attached mainly to the acrosomal region of sperm head and to the sperm flagellum. ZnBPs added to the incubation mixture of the canine spermatozoa allowed the preservation of higher values for total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear line velocity, straight line velocity, and beat cross frequency (P < 0.05), both at time 0 and after 1 h incubation at 5°C. The addition of nZnBPs to the incubation mixture caused only weak positive effects when compared with control sample (PBS). A higher percentage of canine-ejaculated spermatozoa with intact membranes were observed when ejaculate was incubated with ZnBPs in comparison to control sample stored with PBS (P < 0.05) or nZnBPs (P < 0.05). Spermatozoa diluted with ZnBPs and nZnBPs exhibited a higher percentage of cells with active mitochondria when compared with control, both at time 0 and after 1 h; however, no statistical differences were observed. Our results emphasise the role of seminal plasma protein in securing the correct quantity and availability of zinc ions as a component regulating the motility of canine spermatozoa. The protective effect of ZnBPs against the cooling effect may be due to their ability of preventing sperm membrane damage.
EN
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of storage of semen in different commercial extenders on the pre-freezing and post-thawing quality of boar spermatozoa. Semen was diluted in BTS, Androhep (AH) and Gedil (GD), stored for 24 h at 17°C, and then frozen in accordance with the cryopreservation protocol. Analyses of the quality of spermatozoa included: motility, normal apical ridge (NAR) acrosome, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), measurements of ATP content and activity of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Prior to the freezing process, no significant effect of the extender on the sperm quality parameters was noted. After thawing the spermatozoa it was demonstrated that the type of extender used influenced PMI, MMP, ATP content and activity of GPx. In the AH extender the percentage of spermatozoa with PMI and ATP content in spermatozoa was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to the BTS or GD extenders. In addition, semen stored in the AH was characterised by a statistically higher (P<0.05) percentage of spermatozoa with MMP and increased activity of GPx as compared with the BTS. The results obtained indicate that for the cryopreservation process, boar spermatozoa stored for 24 hours in liquid state can be used. However, the type of extender used prior to freezing may have a significant effect on the post- thawing quality of the spermatozoa. The AH extender better secured the quality of thawed boar spermatozoa as compared with the BTS or GD.
EN
Semen quality assessment methods are very important in predicting the fertilizing ability of persevered spermatozoa and to improve animal reproductive technology. This review discusses some of the current laboratory methods used for semen quality assessments, with references to their relevance in the evaluation of male fertility and semen preservation technologies. Semen quality assessment methods include sperm motility evaluations, analyzed with the computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system, and plasma membrane integrity evaluations using fluorescent stains, such as Hoechst 33258 (H33258), SYBR-14, propidium iodide (PI), ethidium homodimer (EthD) and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), and biochemical tests, such as the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level. This review addresses the significance of specific fluorochromes and ATP measurements for the evaluation of the sperm mitochondrial status. Laboratory methods used for the evaluation of chromatin status, DNA integrity, and apoptotic changes in spermatozoa have been discussed. Special emphasis has been focused on the application of proteomic techniques, such as two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the identification of the properties and functions of seminal plasma proteins in order to define their role in the fertilization-related processes.
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