The following organisations can be considered representatives of national extremism in Poland after 1989: a) The National Rebirth of Poland, b) The Polish National Community‑Polish National Party, c) The National Radical Camp. They have been categorised as being national extremist as they meet the following criteria: 1) the rejection of democracy and the concept of civil society, 2) the negation of the political system transformation model implemented after 1989, 3) the approval of violence as a means to the alternation of power, 4) the pursuit of a new political order which is treated as a model to which there is no alternative, 5) the presence in political thought of countercultural and nativistic elements, 6) the acceptance of integral Catholicism, 7) the use of a distinctive and individual vocabulary, 8) the use of original symbols. In the case of national extremist groups we can only talk about a social policy that is postulated and in the concept phase where there are no possibilities of implementing its objectives.
The development of theoretical reflection on the essence and sense of the con-cept of nation was determined by the direction of socio-political transformations which took place in the Polish lands at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. The national issues occupied much space in the political thought of Zygmunt Balicki (1858–1916), one of the “fathers of Polish nationalism”, an ideologue and a founder of the Christian Democracy and one of the antecessors of the then developing social sciences. The essence of the Polish nation, its good and deve- lopment became the main subject of interest and the motivation for the majority of Balicki’s ruminations. Nonetheless it is rather difficult to answer the question what the nation meant for Balicki since he had not elaborated a clear-cut theoretical formulation of the issue. In the light of his enunciations, the Polish nation is represented both as a po-litical, historical, cultural category and a psychological, moral and mystical one. It seems that despite the fact that he nowhere defined the nation in absolute terms, in fact, this is only lacking a verbal statement. The analysis of his writings proves that the nation was the supreme and autotelic value for him. The nation constituted in Balicki’s eyes “the highest social community”, absolutely the most important of all and as such – a source of moral norms.
Within the views of the National Rebirth of Poland, critical judgements and the questioning of the existing socio-political order have prevailed. The liberal democratic system has been rejected, to be replaced by a regime in which all social norms are in accordance with Christian values. Both the area of economic and social, as well as politi-cal, life are to be shaped according to principles stemming from Christianity and Catholi-cism. The NOP propounds the view that in the independent Polish state there should be no room for any forces seeking to destroy national sovereignty in terms of internal rela-tions, and the state in terms of external relations.
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