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Relacja pomiędzy absolutnym a względnym wymiarem rzeczywistości w klasycznych Upaniszadach

100%

Kudelska M.

Diametros

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2018

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nr 56

1-16

PL

Powyższy problem jest przedstawiony na przykładzie wybranych kanonicznych Upaniszad. Punktem wyjścia analizy jest fragment z upaniszady Mundaka (2.2.8): „ujrzano go [brahmana], w tym co wyższe (para) i w tym, co (niższe)”. I właśnie potraktowanie łącznie absolutnego i względnego wymiaru rzeczywistości – co jest niezwykle rzadkie w tekstach kanonu – wymaga według mnie dogłębnej analizy. W badanych tekstach wymiary rzeczywistości para/apara są ściśle skorelowane ze stanami świadomości, w których są doświadczane. Prezentowane rozważania zatem również dotyczą tego, czy wszyscy praktykujący jogę zawsze mówili o doświadczeniach czterech stanów świadomości. Przedstawiam, jakimi terminami w tekście denotowane są wymiary para i apara, i czy tekst nie wskazuje jednak na ich hierarchię, a jeżeli tak, to w jakich kontekstach i ze względu na co. Odwołuję się do tych Upaniszad kanonu, które przynależą do linii Atharwawedy, czyli do Praśny, Mundaki i Mandukji.

EN

The above problem is discussed with the use of the example of selected canonical Upanishads. The analysis starts with a fragment from the Mundaka Upanishad (2.2.8): “When he [brahman] that is both high [para] and low [apara] is seen” (S. Sitarama Sastri’s translation). In my opinion, this very conjoining of the absolute and relative reality, which is considerably rare in the canonical texts, requires in-depth analysis. In the discussed texts, the para/apara dimensions of reality are strictly correlated with the states of consciousness in which they are experienced. Thus, in my discussion, I also consider whether all yoga adepts have always been talking about experiencing the four states of consciousness. I discuss the terms which denote the para and apara dimensions as well as the question whether the text indicates their hierarchy and, if this is the case, in what contexts and in what respect. I refer to the canonical Upanishads which belong to the Atharvaveda lineage, i.e. to Prashna, Mundaka, and Mandukya.

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An Analysis of the Notion of Vijňānātman in the Context of the Advaitic Interpretation of the Relation between the Absolute Subject and the Relative Subject

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Kudelska M.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2016

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tom 59/119 z. 3

107-119

XX

The main aim of this article is to show how some philosophical concepts developed in the period of the Upanisads — the most important time for building the contextual background for further philosophical speculations — as well as to contribute to the discussion how on the base of introspective experiences formed the Upanisadic view of the world and how that view could have been adopted in Advaita thought. The topic of this article is to show the relation between two dimensions of reality; one of them is denoted by the term akṣarātman — ‘imperishable ātman’, which is related to the Absolute dimension, and the other by the term vijňānātman — ‘reasonable ātman’, which is related to the empirical perspective of reality. The term vijňānātman occurs only twice in the classical Upaniṣads. We can find it in the Praśna. This analysis follows the hermeneutical methodology. All consideration are based on the main text of the Praśna with some additional remarks to the other texts belonging to the line of the Atharvaveda, to the Mundaka and to the Māndūkya. The leading idea of the Praśna and Mundaka is the deliberation between parā (higher) and aparā vidyā (lower wisdom), and the special emphasis devoted to describing the details of yogic procedures.

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Świetlista natura rzeczywistości

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Kudelska M.

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tom 51

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nr 1-4

59-78

EN

In this essay, I analyse the concept of reality presented as naturally luminous. Light is distinguished either as source or as reflected light, by adopting either a metaphysical or an epistemic perspective. The subsequent analyses are based on a further distinction between two dimensions of reality – the absolute and the relative. I attempt to show that these two dimensions of reality are consistently predicated using words derived from the following roots: as (to exist) and bhū (to arise, to be, to be active, to happen) and, further, that there is a close correlation between the light source and the absolute dimension as well as between reflected light and the presented reality. I limit myself to two schools – Advaita and Sankhya-yoga – because there the idea of luminosity is the most evident, since they use the technical term prakāśa (shining), for the absolute dimension of reality. In the Advaita system, there is also the distinction between the term jyotisha, used when talking about the nature of the absolute, and prakāśa, used to indicate how this absolute presents itself.

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The Hierarchy of the Transcendentals According to Advaita Vedānta

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Kudelska M.

Estetyka i Krytyka

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2014

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nr 1(32)

81-96

EN

In advaita vedānta, the status of real existence is ascribed to the Brahman only. The Brahman is the transcendental ultimate reality and it is not possible to describe it by any attribute. The present paper will focus on the problem of values. What is the status of values according to the pure monistic system? When advaita vedāntists call the empirical world sad-asad-anirvacanīya (real-unreal-indefinable), are we entitled to speak about the existence of values? And if they are real, what does ‘real’ mean in this context? All the attributes by which we describe the world can be grasped in groups. This division depends on the way in which we experience the world. One group encompasses objects experienced by the external organs, by the senses; its realm is responsible for aesthetic values. The second group leads to discrimination; its domain is ethics. The third prejudges the status of the world and advances metaphysical arguments. These three groups are arranged hierarchically. This order includes the cosmological and the soteriological model as well; thus the vision of the world in classical Indian thought appears as total harmony.

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On the road to Great India – a program of national revival. The Saraswati Temple in Pilani as an expression of the world view of G.D. Birla

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Kudelska M. , Staszczyk A. , Świerzowska A.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2016

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nr 40

129-158

EN

The paper aims at tracing the idea of the revival of Indian society and nation in the undertaking of G.D. Birla (1894‑1983) – the most influential representative of the Birla family which members, known as industrial magnates and corporate leaders, contribute since the turn of the 20th century to medicine, education and technological development of India. G.D. Birla’s overall goal, seems to have been the revitalisation and strengthening of Hinduism as “Arya dharma” and interpret it in such a way as to make this the religion as inclusive and universal as possible. One of the Birlas’ activities fully demonstrating these religious ideas is the temple foundation. Thus considering the wide range of areas in which G.D. Birla was involved, the authors have focused on one such project – the Saraswati temple in Pilani and its ideological background. The temple is located in the Birla Institute of Technology & Science campus and dedicated to the Hindu goddess of wisdom and learning. The authors hope that this analysis will succeed in showing how the individual worldview of the founder left its mark on the idea of the whole family’s endeavours, and at the same time give voice to the range of ideas which, although already expressed at the turn of the nineteenth century, are still alive and influential in India today.