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EN
Tourist values — natural as well as those made by people — are one of the main elements, which determine tourist movement. The specific parts of the environment and symptoms of people's activity take part in the process of choosing the place of tourist destination. Tourist movement is indissolubly connected with the attraction of tourist values. Research was based on Limanowa District to show the dependence between those two phenomena.
EN
This work is about bioorthogonal chemistry as a chemistry of reactions taking place in the living, in particular human, organism environment. In the search for reactions that can occur under conditions, the focus is mainly on the reactions of molecules that do not occur naturally in the body. Then, to have any application, generally for the purpose of using this reactions to locate the accumulation spotes of the selected substance, one molekule is covalently bonded to the biomarker molecule, the second binds to the indicator molecule, which is frequently fluorescein. Among a numerous examples of reactions that were designed during the short history of bioorthogonal chemistry, there are mainly reactions involving organic azides, which are not naturalny present in the human body. An example of such a reaction is the Staudinger ligation. Subsequent modifications include mainly the 1,3-dipolar addition of azides to alkynes, catalyzed by copper(I) ions. The instability and toxicity of this catalyst has forced further innovations in bioorthogonal reactions. One of them is the use of alkynes with high angular stress, which causes a significant reduction in the activation energy of the process, that it is unnecessary to use a catalyst. Another example of the bioorthogonal reactions are Diels-Alder reactions. The interest in these reactions is not diminishing for several reasons. One of them is the fact that as a result of a simple reaction two new carbon-carbon bonds (or others, for the HDA reaction) occur. Furthermore, many of these reactions occur at standard temperature, without additional heating. Moreover, the possibility of numerous modifications of the skeleton and functional groups and the substituents of dienes and dienophils facilitates carrying out these reactions in the aquatic environment. At the end, the article presents examples of the application of cyclooaddition reactions in bioorthogonal chemistry.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono prosty model pękania materiału kruchego wykorzystujący ruchome automaty komórkowe. Symulacje komputerowe zostały przeprowadzone w ograniczonym zakresie dla próbek o niewielkich rozmiarach. Obliczone numerycznie stałe materiałowe porównano z dostepnymi w literaturze danymi dla materiałów rzeczywistych.
EN
Simple model of fracture for a brittle material using cellural automata is presented. Computer simulations were performed for small specimens in limited scope. The numerically computed material constants are compared with yhose for the real materiuals available in the literature.
PL
Przedstawiono kolejne; fazy optymalizacji konstrukcji symulatora zjazdu narciarskiego przy wykorzystaniu technik komputerowego wspomagania projektowania. Na przykładzie niektórych detali urządzenia pokazano drogę od wstępnego modelu 3D do gotowego wyrobu poprzez obliczenia FEM, rzeczywiste modele wykonane technikami Rapid Prototyping, konstrukcję form wtryskowych wraz z generowaniem programów na maszyny sterowane numerycznie dla ich wykonania.
EN
The study presents the successive phases of optimization of the ski downhill simulator construction with the use ol" computer aided designing technique. Based on the examples of some details of the machine [he way from the initial 3D model to the ready product with the use of FEM was presented. The project also presents the real models made with the use of the Rapid Prototyping techniques ;is well as the injection mould constructions together with the programs generation for the numerical controlled machines to product them.
EN
In this paper we are determined the dynamic oil viscosity of non-Newtonian oil with impurities using the experimental measured and calculated values of friction forces which occur in the journal bearing gap. The measured friction forces are performed on the bearing stand tester T-05 in Technical University of Szczecin and simultaneous in Technical University Essen (Germany). Originalit of the method is concentrated in the measurement of oil viscosity in bearing gap during the bearing exploitation.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyznaczenie rzeczywistej lepkości dynamicznej nienewtonowskiego czynnika smarującego z zanieczyszczeniami na podstawie pomiarów doświadczalnych i obliczenia wartości siły tarcia występującego w szczelinie łożyska ślizgowego. Pomiaru siły tarcia dokonano na testerze węzła tarcia T-05 w Politechnice Szczecińskiej i symulowano w Politechnice w Essen (Niemcy). Oryginalność metody polega na wyznaczeniu lepkości oleju w wąskiej szczelinie w trakcie smarowania.
EN
In this study, an efficient method to enhance phenolic compound production in the in vitro cultured shoots of Polyscias filicifolia was developed. The phenolic compound content in P. filicifolia has not yet been reported. Shoots were treated with methyl jasmonate (JM) or salicylic acid (SA) at doses of 50, 100, or 200 μM. HPLC-UV-VIS and LC-MS techniques were used for the determination of chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acids. The total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified, and the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts was determined using DPPH and ABTS methods. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of P. filicifolia extracts in normal (HaCaT) and cancer (A549) cells was investigated. Further, the effect of the extracts on cisplatin cytotoxicity was assessed. The elicitors significantly enhanced phenolic production compared to that in untreated shoots and leaves of intact plants. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant compound with the highest yield of 5.03 ±0.25 mg/g DW after treatment with 50 μM SA. The total flavonoid and phenolic content was significantly and dose-dependently influenced by JM. The highest antioxidant capacity was noted in extracts derived from shoots grown on media supplemented with 50 μM SA and 200 μM JM; these doses were used for further cytotoxic activity investigations. The extracts from JM or SA treatments reduced cancer cell viability and increased their mortality, whereas the extract from JM treatment exhibited protective effect on normal cells. Moreover, the comparison of cytotoxic properties of plant extracts and cisplatin indicated that plant phenolic compounds in combination with anticancer drugs could reduce the detrimental effect of the latter on human cells.
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