The growth of transportation in the future will present new challenges with respect to the limited availability of fossil fuels and the necessity of reducing the emissions from the transport sector which impacts the climate. Possible future scenarios for implementation of liquid or gaseous fuels obtained from biomass as well as application of hydrogen for transportation are presented. Different production methods for biodiesel, biogasoline, methanol, hydrogen and plant oils are evaluated. Attention is given to solar-assisted gasification of biomass and other carbonaceous materials. Proposed methods include environmentally friendly hydrogen generation.
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Przedstawiono krótko istotę działania działania fotokatalizatora półprzewodnikowego podczas fotokatalitycznego wytwarzania wodoru z wody. Streszczono prowadzone w Zakładzie Kinetyki i Katalizy (Wydział Chemii UAM) w ostatnich latach badania nad dotowanym lantanowcami tlenkiem tytanu i domieszkowanymi perowskitami typu ATiO3 (gdzie A = Ca, Sr, Ba) nad fotokatalitycznym generowaniem wodoru. Krótko omówiono istotę doboru fotoreaktorów.
EN
The basic principles of photocatalytic splitting of water over semiconducting photo-catalysts is given. A short summary of the actions undertaken in the Department of Kinetics and Catalysis (Faculty of Chemistry AMU) related with lanthanides doped titania and perovskites of the ATiO3 type (A= Ca, Sr, Ba) in hydrogen generation from water is shown. The importance of appropriate photoreactor choice is discussed.
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Photocatalytic decomposition of water has been studied. Several types of semiconductor photocatalysts such as Pt-MeO3 Pt-XTiO3 (where Me: W, and X: Ca, Sr, Ba) have been reported.
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Photocatalytic and photobiological methods of hydrogen generation from water are presented. This review paper gives a short description of current laboratory research works related to hydrogen generation in the presence of light. The application of metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides, perovskites alone or combined, as photocatalysts has been described. Basic principles of photobiological methods of hydrogen generation applying phototrophic bacteria have been described as well.
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Two series of SBA-15 based catalysts containing different amounts of titania and molybdenum compounds were prepared. Amonium heptamolybdate and molybdenum hexacarbonyl were applied as the source of Mo. The obtained catalysts were characterized with BET surface area, porosity, acidity and TPD measurements. Various sources of Mo and different thermal treatment methods were used to find different oxidized molybdenum supported species which could be attractive in generating their sulfied or nitried forms.
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The possibility of the application of excess sludge in the photobiochemical hydrogen generation was tested. It was found that the non-treated or thermally hydrolyzed sludge was completely inactive. The hydrogen evolution was found only for the alkaline hydrolysis. During the optimization of the process, the best conditions for hydrogen generation were established: medium containing 20 - 50% of alkaline hydrolizate containing 10 or 20% of total solids (TS).
Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from wa ter in the presence of ethanol as a sacrificial reagent was studied over gadolinium doped TiO2 photocatalyst. Photocatalytic path ways of ethanol oxidation were studied with liquid 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR results were compared with amounts of evolved hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Acetal dehyde, acetic acid, glycolic acid and glyoxylic acid were found as major intermediates of this process, whereas carbon dioxide evolution was the last step during ethanol photooxidation process. The mechanism of ethanol photooxidation has been proposed.
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