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3 Geological Quarterly

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Contamination and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils of different kinds of land use in Lithuania

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Valskys V. , Ignatavičius G. , Wołkowicz S. , Satkūnas J. , Hassan H. R.

Geological Quarterly

2023

tom Vol. 67, No. 3

art. no. 29

Using the case of five different kinds of land use from different territories of Lithuania, this study assesses the level of contamination and human health risk assessment of arsenic (As), and heavy metals (HMs) such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) in the surface soil of the study areas. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis indicated that heavy Cd contamination occurred in agricultural territory (AT), while for As, no contamination to mild contamination occurred in all territories. For living territory (LT), green territory (GT) and technical territory (TT), Igeo readings for Cu showed no pollution to moderate pollution, while there was no pollution for natural territory (NT) and AT. For AT, there is no contamination from Zn or Cr. By contrast, Igeo values for Zn and Cu represent minimal to no pollution in the remaining territories. As in LT and Cd in AT, two of the HMs discovered, were deemed to be of medium risk, whereas other components fell into the permitted range. Among three different routes to exposure, it was discovered that the ingestion pathway was the main health risk. The Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for As, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Cr were lower than the suggested limit (HI = 1), indicating minimal non-carcinogenic risk to inhabitants in the study regions. The carcinogenic risk values for As (1.12E-04 children), Cd (2.20E-04 children), and Cr (2.35E-04 children) in AT pose a risk to children's health when ingested. The GT's carcinogenic readings for Cr (1.02 E+00 adult), put adults at risk of developing cancer, whereas As (1.89E-04) and Cr (2.28E-04) in LT put children at risk of cancer and for TT, both adults and children were at risk due to Cr's higher carcinogenic values (1.93E-04 for adults and 5.21E-04 for children).

Mercury and methylmercury in Baltic Sea sediments, and Polish and Lithuanian soils

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Ignatavičius G. , Unsal M. H. , Busher P. E. , Wołkowicz S. , Satkūnas J. , Valskys V.

2022

tom Vol. 66, No. 3

art. no. 22

We review the current environmental pollution by mercury in the soils of Poland and Lithuania and in the sediments of the Baltic Sea. Mercury is documented to have many negative impacts on the environment as a toxic trace element. In many different chemical forms, it is being released into the environment by both geogenic and anthropogenic activities, with most being released from anthropogenic sources. Methylmercury is considered one of the most toxic forms found in the environment. Mercury levels in sediment and various point sources increased after World War II in the Baltic Sea, which was used as a dumpsite. Previous studies show noticeable differences in total mercury in the Baltic Sea. In the Warta and Odra rivers in Poland, mercury levels are also higher than the background value, though recent findings suggest that river sediments are not the main source of mercury to marine sediments. Concentrations in soils in Poland and Lithuania were below the level of limit values (1 and 1.5 mg/kg-1 respectively), but Upper Silesia showed concentrations (up to 4.01 mg · kg-1) above the limit values. Furthermore, between 1992 and 2006, mercury levels in Wroc³aw dropped dramatically. The dominant trees in the area can affect mercury accumulation. No data were available for comparison with the soils in Estonia and Latvia.

New 14C data of megafaunal remains from Lithuania : implications for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Middle Weichselian

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Satkūnas J. , Girininkas A. , Rimkus T. , Daugnora L. , Grigienė A. , Stančikaitė M. , Slah G. , Skuratovič Ž. , Uogintas D. , Žulkus V.

tom Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 3

Palaeobiological data, supplemented by new 14C dates in conjunction with palaeobotanical and lithological information, have allowed reconstruction of Middle Weichselian (MIS 3) environmental fluctuations in the southern Eastern Baltic region. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions implying non-glacial conditions during the Middle Weichselian (MIS 3) are supported by the spatial and temporal context of recently discovered remains of Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach and Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758. Recording both cold and warm climatic reversals of MIS 3, representatives of the megafauna thrived in an environment characterized by a heterogeneity of vegetation and climate. 14C dating shows that the majority of the megafaunal remains analysed represent the 38–45 cal kyr BP time-interval, which correlates with the Nemunas 2c cold interval (cryomer), and the 31–34 cal kyr BP or Mickñnai 3 thermomer. From pollen data, the palaeovegetation pattern varied from tree-less tundra to birch-predominating forest with an admixture of temporal tree species providing additional information about the diet and habitat preferences of these herbivores in the context of the MIS 3 climatic events.