Baiting animals played a very important role in the early modern English culture, which is confirmed by contemporary sources, especially accounts of foreigners surprised by Englishmen's fondness of such shows. Animal sports had a special status of royal entertainment but they were loved, in fact, by people from all sections of the English society. Numerous bears, bulls and dogs were made to fight in the purpose-built amphitheatres or improvised one-off arenas. Their spectacular struggles always evoked very strong emotions in the audience, offered them the opportunity to gamble, and promoted particularly valiant animals that thus became well-known champions and celebrities. The English spectators' positive attitude towards, and care for, fighting animals followed from their preoccupation and fascination with combat as such. It was also associated with their great respect for those that possessed features indispensable in champions and good fighters, paradoxically irrespective of whether they were humans or animals. Special admiration was reserved for English fighting dogs, which was, at least partly, linked with the Englishmen's national pride and sense of their collective identity.
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Polish Sign Language is an understudied natural sign language used by the Deaf community in Poland. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the grammatical properties of the word class of personal pro-nouns in that language. One of the most characteristic typological features of sign languages around the world is a close relationship between indexical pointing and pronominality. The focus of attention of this paper is on PSL constructions containing the so -called pointing sign (an index handshape directed to a point in the signing space). We argue that the indexical should be viewed as a lexicalized linguistic element, rather than a mere gesture. The pointing sign is a pronoun but, unlike its counterparts in spoken languages, it is not associated with person features. The only formal feature associated with the pointing sign is that of referentiality. The sign in question enters into a matching relation with the context (the sign-ing space), thus being provided with a semantic value. Therefore, the signing space becomes a kind of grammatical feature, unparalleled in spoken languages.
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