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EN
The structure of repetitive sequences of the JNK block present in the pericentromeric region of the 2RL chromosome was studied in Secale vavilovii. Amplification of sequences present between the JNK sequences led to the identification of seven abnormal DNA fragments. Two of these fragments showed high similarity to the glutamate 5-kinase gene and putative alcohol dehydrogenase gene of trypanosomatid from the genus Leishmania, whose presence can be explained by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Other fragments were similar to mitochondrial gene for ribosomal protein S4 in plants and to the glycoprotein (G) gene of the IHNV virus. Presumably, they are pseudogenes inserted into the JNK heterochromatin region. Within this region, also fragments similar to the rye repetitive sequence and chromosome 3B in wheat were found. There is no known mechanism that would explain how foreign sequences were inserted into the block region of tandem repetitive sequences of the JNK family.
EN
Employing FISH analysis as well as BLAST and CUSTAL W (1.82) programs, we investigated types of DNA nucleotide sequences building an additional heterochromatic band in 2R chromosomes of 3 lines of Secale vavilovii Grossh. The probes used in FISH analysis were designed based on the reverse transcriptase sequence of Ty 1-copia and Ту 3-gypsy retrotransposons and the 5S rRNA gene sequence. No hybridization signals from the reverse transcriptase probes were observed in the chromosome region where the additional band occurs. On the other hand, signals were observed after hybridization with the 5S rDNA probe, clearly suggesting the presence of that type of sequences in the analyzed heterochromatin band. Using BLAST and CUSTAL W programs, we revealed high similarity of the JNK1 sequence to the 5S rRNA gene from Hordeum chilense (HCH1016, HCH1018, 88%) and to a fragment of the 5S rRNA sequence of H. marinum (HMAR003, 97%). In addition, the same fragment of JNK1 was shown to be very similar to the part of the Angela retrotransposon (92%) as well as to the SNAC 426K20-1 transposon (89%) belonging to CACTA family, both from Triticum monococcum, and to Zingeria biebersteiniana pericentromeric sequences (78%). The similarity of JNK1 to those sequences may be accidental or the JNK1 may represent an ancient mobile genetic element that caught the 5S rRNA sequence. During the evolution those sequences might have been accumulated in the particular region on the 2R chromosome. Our results suggest that the additional heterochromatin band in chromosomes 2R of S. vavilovii is a collection of defective genes and/or mobile genetic elements.
PL
Przedstawiono właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów na osnowie z tlenku glinu, wzmacnianych Ti(C,N) w ilości 30% masy, wytworzonych na bazie proszków komercyjnych, o mikrometrycznych i nanometrycznych rozmiarach cząstek. Zastosowano bezciśnieniowe spiekanie PS w próżni i spiekanie reakcyjne SPS. Wykonano pomiary: twardości Vickersa, gęstości, modułu Younga i odporności na ścieranie. Odporność na pękanie (KIC) wyznaczono w temperaturze pokojowej i podwyższonej do 1073 K – charakterystycznej dla pracy narzędzia. Właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne kompozytów Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2, wytworzonych na bazie mikroproszków, porównano z właściwościami kompozytów zawierających proszki mieszane, mikrometryczne i nanometryczne, z udziałem proszków nanometrycznych od 17% do 36% masy. Kompozyty Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2 z udziałem proszków nanometrycznych wykazują w temperaturze otoczenia niższe wartości KIC (o ok. 10÷30%) w porównaniu z kompozytami wytworzonymi na bazie proszków mikrometrycznych. Natomiast w temperaturze podwyższonej do 1073 K ich odporność na pękanie wzrasta nawet o 30%. Obserwacje mikrostruktury badanych kompozytów przeprowadzono za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej.
EN
The present study reports mechanical properties obtained by reinforcing alumina composites with Ti(C,N) in amount 30 wt.% prepared on the basis micro and nanoscale trade powders. The pressureless sintering PS in a vacuum and SPS method of sintering were used. Vickers hardness, density, Young modulus, wear resistance were evaluated. Fracture toughness (KIC) at ambient and elevated temperatures up to 1073 K, characteristic for tool work was measured. Physical and mechanical properties of the composites Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2 based on the powders in microscale were compared with composites containing nanoscale powders in a range from 17 to 36 wt.%. Tested composites with nanoscale powders content reveal lower KIC (approx. 10÷30%) at ambient temperature in comparison to composites based on powders in microscale. However, in the elevated temperatures their fracture toughness increases up to 30%. The observation of the microstructure of tested composites was carried out using scanning electron microscopy.
EN
The paper reports chromosome numbers for 13 taxa of Elatine L., including all 11 species occurring in Europe, namely E. alsinastrum, E. ambigua, E. brachysperma, E. brochonii, E. californica, E. campylosperma, E. gussonei, E. hexandra, E. hungarica, E. hydropiper, E. macropoda, E. orthosperma, E. triandra originating from 17, field-collected populations. For seven of them (E. ambigua, E. californica, E. campylosperma, E. brachysperma, E. brochonii, E. hungarica, E. orthosperma) the chromosome numbers are reported for the first time. With these records, chromosome numbers for the whole section Elatinella Seub. became available. Although 2n = 36 was reported to be the most common and the lowest chromosome number in the genus, our data show that out of thirteen species analyzed, six had 36 chromosomes but five species had 54 chromosomes, and the lowest number of chromosomes was 18. These data further corroborates that the basic chromosome number in Elatine is x = 9.
10
Content available remote Sintering of TiB2-TiN nano- and micropowders
70%
EN
The TiN-TiB2 ceramic composite (CC) could be attractive for applications in jet engine parts, armour plates, cutting tools and dies as well as high performance electrical systems. Because of the high melting points of TiB2-TiN, consolidation of these powders requires extremely high temperatures and long duration of the sintering process for conventional sintering methods.The main causes of this problem are strong covalent bonding, a low self-diffusion coefficient and the existence of an oxygen rich surface layer on the particle surface. The compaction and sintering of nanocrystalline powders are accompanied by intensive growth of particles. The Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process and High Pressure-High Temperature (HP-HT) method of sintering have been applied to the formation of composites consisting of TiB2 and TiN nano- and micropowders. Commercial TiB2-TiN nanopowders, obtained using Self Propagation High Temperature Synthesis (SHS) were used for the studies. The influence of the method of sintering on the densification, grain growth, microstructure, some physical and mechanical properties of TiN-TiB2 ceramic composites were investigated. Microstructural observations revealed that both TiN and TiB2 crystal grains had micrometer sizes in the composites obtained from nanopowders for both SPS and HP-HT methods of sintering. In the materials obtained using the HP-HT method od sintering, there are numerous cracks in the compact and stresses build up during the high pressure sintering process. The TiB2-TiN material obtained utilizing the HP-HT method from nanopowders is characterized by lower porosity. In XRD experiments, TiB2, TiN and hBN phases were detected. TiB-TiN commercial SHS nanopowders are more reactive than the mixture of TiB2, and TiN micropowders. For the composites prepared from nanopowders there is about 14% of hBN content. The amount of hBN in the composites for micropowder sintering using the SPS method is about 1.3%.
PL
Kompozyty ceramiczne TiN-TiB2 mogą znaleźć powszechne zastosowanie w przemyśle jako części do silników odrzutowych, płyty pancerne, narzędzia skrawające, matryce, a także w wysokiej klasy systemach elektronicznych. Ze względu na wysoką temperaturę topnienia składników kompozytów TiB2-TiN tradycyjne spiekanie tych proszków wymaga zastosowania bardzo wysokiej temperatury i długiego czasu spiekania. Przyczynami tego są silne wiązania kowalencyjne występujące w przedstawianym kompozycie, niski współczynnik samodyfuzji oraz obecność bogatej w tlen warstwy na powierzchni cząstek. Zagęszczaniu i spiekaniu nanokrystalicznych proszków towarzyszył intensywny rozrost ziaren. Do wytworzenia spieków kompozytowych TiB2-TiN z wykorzystaniem nano- oraz mikrometrycznych proszków zastosowano metodę Spark Plasma Sintering (plazmowe spiekanie iskrą elektryczną- SPS) oraz spiekanie wysokociśnieniowe HP-HT. Do badań zastosowano komercyjny nanoproszek TiB2-TiN, otrzymany metodą samorozwijającej się wysokotemperaturowej syntezy (SHS). W przeprowadzonych badaniach przedstawiono wpływ zastosowanych metod spiekania na zagęszczenie, rozrost ziaren, mikrostrukturę oraz wybrane właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne spieków TiB2-TiN. Badania mikrostruktury materiałów kompozytowych otrzymanych z proszków nanometrycznych metodą HP-HT i SPS wykazały mikrometryczną wielkość kryształów ziaren zarówno TiN, jaki i TiB2. W spiekach otrzymanych metodą HP-HT widoczne są liczne pęknięcia. Wynikają one z naprężeń towarzyszących procesowi spiekania wysokociśnieniowego. Kompozyty TiB2-TiN uzyskane metodą HP-HT charakteryzują się mniejszą porowatością w porównaniu do spiekanych metodą SPS. Badania XRD wykazały w otrzymanych materiałach udział takich faz, jak TiB2, TiN i hBN. Okazało się również, że komercyjny nanoproszek TiB2-TiN otrzymany metodą SHS charakteryzował się większą reaktywnością niż mieszanka mikrometrycznych proszków TiB2 oraz TiN. W kompozytach wykonanych z nanoproszków udział hBN wyniósł około 14%, natomiast w przypadku materiałów z mikroproszków, spiekanych metodą SPS, wynosi on około 1,3%.
EN
Plants are continuously exposed to various environmental stresses and they respond to them in different ways. Ambient temperature is among the most important environmental cues that directly influence plant growth and yield. Research in recent years has revealed that epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in plants' response to temperature stress. Changes in gene expression evoked by stress signals follow post-translational histone modifications, DNA methylation, histone variant incorporation, and the action of chromatin remodeling factors and Polycomb group proteins. The majority of epigenetic modifications induced by temperature stress are reversible in nature; thus, chromatin returns to its previous state after the stress has passed. Some modifications seem stable, however, due presumably to so-called stress memory. Epigenetic modifications can be inherited through mitosis and meiosis. By dint of epigenetic memory, plants can more efficiently respond to future stressful conditions, thereby increasing their potential for environmental adaptation. Recognition of the epigenetic mechanisms that take part in plants' response to changes of ambient temperature will increase our understanding of adaptations to stress conditions.
12
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EN
Purpose: Basic mechanical properties of the studied tool materials and microstructure of alumina-zirconia ceramic composites with fraction of nanopowders have been presented. Design/methodology/approach: The present study reports selected properties obtained by reinforcing Al2O3 with 15 wt% ZrO2 (partially stabilized with Y2O3-Y5) and, non-stabilized zirconia. Specimens were prepared based on submicro- and nano-scale trade powders. Vickers hardness (HV1), wear resistance and fracture toughness (KIC) at room and elevated temperatures characteristic for tool work were evaluated. Microstructure was observed by means of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preliminary industrial cutting tests in the turning of higher-quality carbon steel C45 grade were carried out. Findings: The addition of nanopowders does not result in a significant improvement in fracture toughness at room temperature. A reduction in fracture toughness of KIC(ET) by approximately 20% is observed at elevated temperature (1073 K) for the specimen only with submicro powders in comparison to that at room temperature. Addition of the powder mixture in submicron and nano scale size reveals the minor reduction of fracture toughness (up to 10%) at elevated temperature. Practical implications: The results show that using of powders in submicron and nano scale size not improve the tool life but influences the fracture toughness et elevated temperatures. Originality/value: The results of the presented investigations allow rational use of existing ceramic tools.
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