Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

I Polska Samodzielna Brygada Spadochronowa gen. Stanisława Sosabowskiego w Bitwie pod Arnhem

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2000

|

tom nr 2(39)

249-260

EN

In September 1944, the largest in history air landing operation was carried out under the code name “Market” on the territory of Holland. Together with the part including land forces operations (code name “Garden”) it was, according to the allied forces’ command, to create appropriate conditions to attack Germany’s industrial “heart” the Ruhr District. Marshall Bernard Montgomery thought that all these operations might lead to defeat German forces and finish the war in 1944. Apart from American and British paratroops, also the Polish First Independent Parachute Brigade commanded by Brig. Gen. Stanisław Sosabowski took part in the operation “Market” . Together with the British First Airborne Division it was to capture bridges and the bridgehead on the northern bank of the Rein in the vicinity of Arnhem. The operation, because of many reasons, ended with complete failure. The hardest fights took place in the area of Arnhem. The Polish brigade played a great role in them suffering great losses.

2

Samodzielna Brygada Strzelców Karpackich w walkach na terenie Afryki Północnej

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2009

|

tom nr 3(76)

291-315

EN

After Poland’s defeat in September 1939, the main civil and military authorities as well as Polish Army units were reconstructed abroad, in France. One of them was the Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade commanded by Gen. Stanisław Kopański. The French authorities designated a military camp in Homs on the Sirian – Lebanese border for the Brigade to be created. After France’s capitulation in June 1940, the Brigade moved to Palestine and went under the British command. British authorities assigned the camp in Latrum for the Polish Brigade. In the middle of August 1941, the British command, having consulted the Supreme Commander, Gen. Władysław Sikorski, and having his consent, decided about its further use. As it results from the Supreme Commander’s order to the Brigade of 9 November 1941, the initiative to deploy the Brigade to Tobruk was initiated by Gen. Sikorski. The Brigade’s Tobruk epic started in August and finished after 110 days of heavy fighting on the desert in December 1941. Directly after defensive operations, the Brigade chased the withdrawing enemy waging a victorious battle at Gazala, then Bardia. On 22 March 1942, the Brigade was located in the camp El-Amiriya near Alexandria where a few months before it had set off to Tobruk. Thus the Brigade finished its many-month participation in heavy fighting on the desert. Soon thousands of Polish soldiers would arrive from the Soviet Union who together with the Brigade were due to create new numerous units of the Polish Armed Forces. The Third Carpathian Rifle Division was formed on the basis of the Brigade.

3

Sprawa usunięcia generała brygady Stanisława Sosabowskiego z 1. Samodzielnej Brygady Spadochronowej

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2000

|

tom nr 4(41)

298-307

EN

Many articles have been written and many historical - war publications have been devoted to Brig Gen Stanisław Sosabowski, one of the most famous Polish commanders during the Second World War. His role in the First Independent Parachute Brigade’s organising and training is commonly well known; similarly, Sosabowski’s and his brigade’s participation in the biggest in history airborn operation conducted in the framework of air - land operation coded “Market-Garden”. His lots are known after the war when he settled down permanently in Britain. This article is dedicated to one of the most difficult and crucial moments in Sosabowski’s career. Gen Sosabowski’s attitude was very sceptical already in operation “Market-Garden” planning stage when he pointed out British generals many errors. They did not approve this attitude. After the operation at Arnhem British commanders, with Frederick Browning leading, forced Polish civilian and military authorities to dismiss Sosabowski from the position of the First Independent Parachute Brigade’s commander.

4

Ludowe Wojsko Polskie : radzieckie wzorce wychowawcze, indoktrynacja, postawa wobec społeczeństwa

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2006

|

tom nr 3(64)A Numer specjalny

47-60

EN

The genesis of the Polish People’s Army dates back to May 1943 when the Soviet government agreed to form the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division on its territory. Since its very beginning, the army organised by communists was subjected to thorough indoctrination with a particular intensity in 1948-1956, i.e. in the period defined in the Polish historiography as the Stalinisation of Poland and its armed forces. In order to ensure the communist party leading role in the armed forces, a political-educational department was set up in May 1943, which was transforme into a political party apparatus in November 1949. The Soviet models in the Polish People’s Army were widely present since the beginning of its formation in the USSR. Russian regulations and instructions were binding in military units created there. Russian military personnel played a vital role in the Polish People’s Army. At the beginning of 1956, Russian generals occupied almost all key positions in the Polish Military. In the first decade after the Second World War, the Polish Army constantly underwent strong political indoctrination. This process evidently intensified at the turn of the 40s and 50s. The political party apparatus and Military Information (Intelligence) used various indoctrinating methods towards all Polish Army personnel within their indoctrinate activity. Year 1956 began the process of transformation in Poland, broke away with t cult of the individual, started the process of going away from the Stalinism and farreaching sovietisation of Poland and its armed forces. Moreover, Marshall Konstanty Rokossowski and other numerous Russian generals and officers left the Polish Army.

5

Ekologiczne środki czystości [film]

100%

Zuziak J.

Analit

|

2016

|

tom Nr 2

155

PL

Życie bez środków myjących, piorących, czyszczących w obecnych czasach wydaje się być praktycznie niemożliwe. Do niezastąpionych produktów, które zawierają detergenty zaliczyć można proszki do prania, płyny do zmywania naczyń, środki do mycia naczyń w zmywarkach, szampony, a lista ta mogłaby być bardzo długa. Środki czystości to roztwory wodne, emulsje lub proszki, które ułatwiają usuwanie zabrudzeń z powierzchni ciał stałych, np. tkanin, szkła, ceramiki, tworzyw sztucznych, metali. Są to środki powierzchniowo czynne. Zbudowane są z dwóch elementów o przeciwnym powinowactwie do wody – części hydrofobowej i hydrofilowej. Ich działanie polega na obniżaniu napięcia powierzchniowego na granicy faz, zmianie ładunku powierzchniowego, a w konsekwencji na odrywaniu cząsteczek brudu od czyszczonej powierzchni. Ze względu na budowę chemiczną syntetyczne substancje powierzchniowo czynne dzieli się na anionowe, kationowe, niejonowe oraz amfoteryczne. Niestety stosowanie detergentów oprócz swoich oczekiwanych właściwości, szybkiego i wygodnego czyszczenia posiada wiele wad. Mieszanina tych chemicznych substancji wpływa bardzo niekorzystnie na środowisko, do którego trafia poprzez kanalizację. Zawarte w detergentach fosforany wywołują eutrofizację wód, zmniejszenie dyfuzji tlenu atmosferycznego i wiele innych. Zdolność do szybkiej biodegradacji jest niezwykle istotna ze względu na pewną toksyczność, jaką wykazują detergenty w stosunku do organizmów żywych. Czym wobec tego zastąpić opisane chemikalia? Odpowiedzią na to pytanie są produkty spożywcze tj. ocet, soda oczyszczona, kwasek cytrynowy, którymi możemy wyczyścić wiele przedmiotów. To za ich pomocą można odkamienić czajnik, wyczyścić fugi, sanitaria, udrożnić rury, pozbyć się przykrych zapachów, umyć okna, a nawet wyprodukować kostki do zmywarki czy proszki do prania. Zamiast kupować kolejne detergenty, których lista z roku na rok się wydłuża film pt. „Ekologiczne środki czystości” przedstawia listę babcino-ekologicznych sztuczek, a właściwie „ekosztuczek”, – bo to o nich będzie mowa. Ma on na celu pokazać, że bez detergentów da się żyć, i to zarówno świadomie, oszczędnie, a przede wszystkim ekologicznie. Postępowanie takie zgodne jest z dewizą i zasadami Zielonej Chemii.

6

Przedstawiciele Wojska Polskiego w Misji Dobrych Usług ONZ w Afganistanie i Pakistanie oraz w Grupie Obserwatorów Wojskowych ONZ w Iranie i Iraku

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2008

|

tom nr 3(72)

300-314

EN

The Polish Armed Forces have been actively participating in International missions and peace operations for 56 years. The main tasks of these undertakings is to ease International tensions, resolve violent conflicts, preventive protection of brokered earlier ceasefire, truce, as well as observation activities etc. Peace operations are one of the major mechanisms of solving conflicts which pose threat to peace and world security, and at the same time are a permanent and extremely important element of international politics. The author of the article presents Poland’s engagement in two observation missions. The first one is the United Nations Observer Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) in 1988 - 1990 set up after a few years’ war in Afghanistan. Ten countries delegated their representatives to participate in UNGOMAP, The observers’ work concentrated mainly on three essential tasks: monitoring of non-interference and non- intervention by the parties; monitoring of the Soviet troops’ withdrawal from Afghanistan; monitoring the voluntary return of refugees. The second part of the article focuses on the work of Polish officers within United Nations Iran - Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIMOG) established after Iran - Iraq war in 1980 - 1988. The UN Secretary General defined the mandate observers’ task in the following way: (a) to establish with the parties agreed ceasefire lines on the basis of the forward defended localities occupied by the two sides on D-Day but adjusting these, as may be agreed, when the positions of the two sides were judged to be dangerously close to each other; (b) to monitor compliance with the ceasefire; (c) to investigate any alleged violations of the ceasefire and restore the situation if a violation took place; (d) to prevent, through negotiation, any other change in the status quo, pending withdrawal of all forces to the internationally recognized boundaries; (e) to supervise, verify and confirm the withdrawal of all forces to the internationally recognized boundaries; (f) thereafter, to monitor the ceasefire on the internationally recognized boundaries, investigate alleged violations and prevent, through negotiation, any other change in the status quo, pending negotiation of a comprehensive settlement; (g) to obtain the agreement of the parties to other arrangements which, pending negotiation of a comprehensive settlement, could help to reduce tension and build confidence between them, such as the establishment of areas of separation of forces on either side of the international border, limitations on the number and calibre of weapons to be deployed in areas close to the international border, and patrolling by United Nations naval personnel of certain sensitive areas in or near the Shatt al-Arab.

7

Polska i Bałtyk między dwoma wojnami 1918-1939

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2002

|

tom nr 1(46)

219-229

EN

Poland after 123 years of oppression regained its independence in 1918 and together with it free access to the Baltic Sea. Almost front the very early days the idea to build maritime Poland started to be implemented. Due to the Versailles Treaty provisions Poland received a 74-kilometre sea border at the Baltic that significantly increased the possibilities of comprehensive progress, opening enormous economic and trade potential. This article shows Polish effort in the development of maritime economy, in trade harbours' construction, development of fisheries, creating Polish shipyard industry from scratch. Various forms of maritime activities required significant financial expsnditures which, unfortunately, the Polish young state could not afford. The author focuses also on efforts aiming at developing both navy and trade fleets in the twenties and describes its lots in September 1939.

8

Działalność przedstawicieli Wojska Polskiego w Międzynarodowych Komisjach Nadzoru i Kontroli w Indochinach w latach 1954-1973 i w Międzynarodowej Komisji Kontroli i Nadzoru w Wietnamie Południowym w latach 1973-1975

100%

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2008

|

tom nr 1(70)

225-244

EN

The article presents the Polish Army Representatives in International Commissions of Supervision and Control (ICSCs) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) in 1954-1973 and International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) for South Vietnam in 1973-1975. The author describes the historical back-ground and reasons for establishing the missions, their functions and tasks focusing in particular on problems connected with the Polish participants’ organisation and preparation to perform these almost pioneer tasks. The ICCS most important functions defined by the Peace Agreement and Protocols included: control of executing the military units regrouping plan; watching the forces’ safety while their evacuation and regrouping; supervision of the return of captured and detained prisoners of war and interned civilian personnel; supervision of temporary military demarcation line; supervision of ports of entry, airports and all Vietnamese borders in connection with the implementation of agreements concerning troops, military personnel, armaments, munitions and war material; conducting investigations basing on evidence in terrain (on ICCS’s own or Military Mixed Commission’s initiative). In general 1948 Poles, 1391 career soldiers including, performed their peace service in three commissions operating in Indochina in 1954-1975. This many-year activity of Poland’s representatives, mostly the Polish Armed Forces’ soldiers, contributing to ceasing military operations and regulating the extremely complicated situation in that hot point.

9

Badanie właściwości sorpcyjnych gleb pobranych z terenu Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego przy zastosowaniu tuszu drukarskiego

63%

Kubica J. , Zuziak J.

Analit

|

2016

|

tom Nr 1

6--14

PL

Powszechnie znane metody pomiaru właściwości sorpcyjnych gleb pozwalają na dokładny pomiar pojemności sorpcyjnej gleb, lecz wymagają zastosowania skomplikowanych technik pomiarowych. Celem niniejszej pracy było zaprojektowanie i przetestowanie łatwej metody pozwalającej na szacowanie oraz porównywanie właściwości sorpcyjnych różnych gleb. Założeniem projektu było opracowanie metody możliwej do zastosowania podczas zajęć szkolnych lub ćwiczeń laboratoryjnych dla studentów z zakresu chemii gleb. Przedstawiona metoda jest metodą kolorymetryczną i opiera się na sorpcji cząstek tuszu drukarskiego. Wykazano także zależność między właściwościami sorpcyjnymi gleb a wartością pH, wilgotnością oraz gęstością objętościową. W niniejszej pracy autorzy dokonali oceny zaprojektowanej metody, przedstawili możliwe modyfikacje a także aspekt pedagogiczny.

EN

Commonly known methods of measuring the sorption properties of soils allow to make an accurate measurement of sorption capacity of soil samples provided that sophisticated measurement techniques are used. The aim of this study was to develop and test an easy method to estimate and compare the sorption properties of different soils. The idea was to create a method that could be used both at school and during laboratory exercises for students in the field of soil chemistry. The presented method is a colorimetric method and it is based on the sorption of printing ink particles and a combination of sorption properties of soil parameter pH, moisture and volumetric density. In this paper the authors evaluated this method, discussed possible modifications and presented briefly the pedagogical aspects of this work.

10

Glin w otoczeniu i jego wpływ na organizmy żywe

63%

Zuziak J. , Jakubowska M.

Analit

|

2016

|

tom Nr 2

110--120

PL

Do niedawna glin nie budził większego zainteresowania toksykologii środowiskowej, choć należy do głównych składników skorupy ziemskiej. Wzrost stopnia zakwaszenia gleb spowodowany kwaśnymi deszczami, rozkładem materii organicznej prowadzi do stopniowego wymywania glinu z gleb o niskiej pojemności buforowej. Im niższe pH, tym wyższe stężenie glinu. Rozpuszczalne związki glinu mogą być akumulowane przez niektóre rośliny uprawiane na glebach kwaśnych, np. przez krzewy herbaty. Źródłem glinu w diecie człowieka są też inne produkty, tj. przyprawy (np. majeranek, kminek), rośliny motylkowe, amerykańskie przetworzone produkty spożywcze (np. pancake) oraz przygotowywanie posiłków w naczyniach aluminiowych. Glin jest niekorzystny dla zdrowia człowieka, może przyczyniać się do wielu różnych zaburzeń neurologicznych, demencji, a także stymulować rozwój choroby Alzheimera.