Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Dobro wspólne w prawie kanonicznym i w prawie świeckim

100%

Tokarski T.

Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego

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2021

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tom 16

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nr 18 (1)

297-321

EN

The common good is a fundamental term which is included in both canon law and secular law. However, the way of perceive this concept under these two different legal systems differs fundamentally. In canon law, the common good is usually referred to the political and ecclesiastical community. The common good of the Church is connected with the realisation of the community of the Church. In Polish law, however, the common good is a constitutional value and principle, which has a fundamental impact on the character of the state and relations between state and citizen. The purpose of this paper is to present the position and role of the common good in contemporary ecclesiastical and state legislation.

PL

Dobro wspólne jest fundamentalnym pojęciem zarówno w prawie kanonicznym, jak i w prawie świeckim. Niemniej jednak sposób postrzegania tego pojęcia na gruncie tych dwóch odmiennych porządków prawnych różni się zasadniczo. W prawie kanonicznym dobro wspólne zazwyczaj odnoszone jest do wspólnoty politycznej i kościelnej. Dobro wspólne Kościoła związane jest z urzeczywistnianiem się wspólnoty Kościoła. Natomiast w prawie polskim dobro wspólne jest wartością i zasadą konstytucyjną, która ma zasadniczy wpływ na charakter państwa oraz relacje państwo-obywatel. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie miejsca i roli dobra wspólnego we współczesnym prawodawstwie kościelnym i państwowym.

2

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie płac w polskich powiatach

100%

Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2012

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tom LXXXV (85)

287-308

EN

The aim of the paper is the statistical analysis of the determinants of regional diversification of wages in the Polish counties between 2003 and 2009. According to the efficiency wages model of Solow (1979) and Summers (1988) and neoclassical models of economic growth of Solow (1956), Nonneman, Vanhoudt (1996) and optimal control model of Lucas (1988) the level of the relative wages are determined by the unemployment rates and the relative labor productivity. The descriptions of regional diversification of wages and its determinants are described. Additionally, the simple theoretical model of regional diversification of wages is constructed and the parameters of this model were estimated. These are the estimations of the wage function for 379 counties and 16 voivodeships in Poland.

3

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie łącznej produktywności czynników produkcji w Polsce

100%

Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2010

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tom 238

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nr 3

23-39

EN

The author analyzes the regional diversification of labor productivity, the capital-labor ratio, and total factor productivity (TFP) in Poland’s provinces in 1995-2007. He also undertakes to endogenize TFP on the basis of statistical data describing the structure of value added generated in agriculture, industry, construction and services, as well as data on the development of transport infrastructure, including the density of freeways, expressways and rail lines. Using the concept of the macroeconomic function of production, Tokarski estimates TFP for each province in 1995-2007. Then the TFP levels are endogenized on the basis of variables describing the sector structure of the product market and the development of transportation infrastructure. The analyses described in the paper show that provinces with a higher proportion of value added generated in the service sector generally display a higher level of TFP. Among the variables describing transport infrastructure, the freeway and expressway network density has a statistically significant positive effect on TFP, while the density of rail lines does not have such an effect, the author says.

4

Optymalne stopy inwestycji w N-kapitałowym modelu wzrostu gospodarczego

100%

Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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tom 218

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nr 9

1-18

EN

The paper aims to determine an optimal structure of investment rates under an N-capital growth model. This model is a combination and expansion of models developed by Solow [1956]; Mankiw, Romer, Weil [1992]; Nonneman, Vanhoudt [1996]; and Tokarski [1996; 2000; 2003; 2005], with elements of optimal control models by Ramsey [1928], Lucas [1988] and Romer [1986, 1990]. The economic growth model described in the paper is based on the following assumptions: - The stream of products generated in the economy is influenced by a finite N amount of capital, labor and technology resources; it is also assumed that labor and technology resources grow according to certain exogenous growth rates; - The increase of each of the analyzed capital stocks is the difference between investment in this capital and its depreciation; these assumptions refer to the neoclassical growth models developed by Solow, Mankiw-Romer-Weil, and Nonneman-Vanhoudt; - A typical rationally behaving consumer (much as in the case of endogenous growth models developed by Lucas and Romer) seeks a long-term investment rate structure that will maximize the usefulness of consumption in an infinite period of time; - Additionally, an assumption is made that the macroeconomic production function in the described growth model does not have to be characterized by a constant scale effect (as earlier noted by Tokarski [1996, 2003 or 2005]). The model described by the author is solved using Pontryagin’s maximum principle.

5

Efekty skali a wzrost gospodarczy

100%

Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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tom 213

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nr 1-2

9-31

EN

The paper focuses on the neoclassical production function and its influence on the economic growth model proposed by N. Gregory Mankiw, David Romer and David N. Weil [1992]. The model is an expanded version of the traditional neoclassical model developed by Robert M. Solow [1956]. In the context of the production function, the author examines the influence of scale effects on long-term growth and basic macroeconomic variables such as output, physical capital, human capital and consumption per worker. He also reviews scale effects in terms of Edmund S. Phelps’ golden rules of capital accumulation [1961, 1966]. The analysis includes differential equations of the type used by Bernoulli and Riccati to describe increases in physical and human capital stock per unit of effective labor (in the case of constant scale effects) and increases in capital stock growth rates (in the case of decreasing and growing scale effects). The paper ends with a number of important conclusions. First, under constant scale effects, the long-term rates of growth for basic macroeconomic variables are equal to the rate of Harrod-neutral technological progress (which is an exogenous variable in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil model). Second, under decreasing/growing scale effects, these rates are lower/higher than the rate of Harrod-neutral technological progress. Third, repealing the constant-scale-effects assumption in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil growth model does not change the golden rules of capital accumulation because, regardless of whether scale effects decrease, grow or are constant, the golden rule of accumulation holds that the structure of investment rates corresponds to the elasticities of output with regard to physical and human capital inputs.

6

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie bezrobocia rejestrowanego w Polsce w latach 1999-2006

100%

Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2008

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tom 225

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nr 7-8

25-42

EN

The author examines unemployment in different regions of Poland and its determinants in 1999-2006. The analysis focuses on differences in joblessness at the county (local) level. The discussion of the regional diversification of unemployment is combined with analyses describing the diversification of unemployment on local labor markets in sectors such as agriculture, industry, construction, market services, and non-market services. The statistical analyses described in the article are based on a simple linear regression method. The analyses show that the lowest jobless rates were usually noted in large and medium-sized cities where most of the labor force is employed in the market services sector. Relatively low unemployment rates were also noted in agricultural counties in which small private farms absorbed labor market shocks. The highest unemployment rates were noted in post-industrial areas and areas that were formerly home to many state-run farms.

7

Wzrost gospodarczy a zatrudnienie w wybranych krajach OECD

100%

Tokarski T.

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tom 169

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nr 7-8

63-90

8

Reguły polityki monetarnej w warunkach długookresowej równowagi typu Domara-Solowa

100%

Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2003

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tom 186

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nr 9

1-21

EN

This study provides an analysis of monetary policy rules base on the Domar-Solow growth model. The study adopts the following assumptions: 1. Investment affects both the demand and the supply-side of the economy. Thanks to multiplier effects, the rise in investment involves demand growth (the Domar model), and through capital formation it adds to aggregate supply (Domar and Solow models). 2. Investment is a decreasing function of the interest rate, which is set by the central bank. 3. Supply is generated by the neoclassical production function (the Solow model). 4. The central bank sets interest rates at such a level so that (i) demand equalled supply, thus leading to full capacity utilisation in the economy; (ii) the unemployment rate was stable. The main conclusions to be drawn from the above model are the following: 1. The capital growth rate is described by the Riccati Differential Equation, which provides a stable long-term solution. 2. Growth rates of interest rates should be decreasing, linear functions of the growth rate of capital and should be (generally) negative. 3. The model excludes the so-called Domar paradox involved with the "knife-edge" issue due to the flexible capital-intensity ratio represented in the function. 4. Long-term capital and GDP growth rates are lower than is the case with the Solow growth model.

9

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie technicznego uzbrojenia pracy, wydajności pracy i łącznej produkcyjności czynników produkcji w Polsce w latach 1995–2009

63%

Mroczek K. , Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2013

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tom LXXXVIII (88)

333-357

XX

The article aims at descriptive and statistical analyzing of spatial diversification of main macroeconomic categories, such as capital-labor ratio, labor productivity and total factor productivity across Polish regions/voivodships in the years 1995–2009. The capital-labor ratio is associated in the paper with fixed assets per employee, the labor productivity – with GDP per employee, whereas total factor productivity is computed on the basis of a regional production function. The article contains and comments on, firstly: descriptive analyses of spatial diversification of the afore-mentioned characteristics, secondly: estimates of the Cobb-Douglas production function at regional level, thirdly: estimates of total factor productivity across the voivodships and finally: descriptive results of special diversity of the afore-mentioned characteristics.

10

Równowaga i optymalne sterowanie w n-kapitałowym modelu . wzrostu typu nonnemana-vanhoudta

63%

Dykas P. , Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2010

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tom LXXXI (81)

235-260

EN

The purpose of the article is to theoretically analyze the main determinants of long- -term economic growth by means of the n-capital Nonneman-Vanhoudt model. The model is an extension to neoclassical models of growth by Solow and by Mankiw, Romer and Weil. The economy is described by the general neoclassical Cobb-Douglas production function, in which n-capital factors are necessary in production, the factors being poor substitutes to each other. The article provides the reader with general conclusions formed on the basis this model.

11

Kłopoty z marginalną teorią podziału Clarka

63%

Tokarski T. , Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2016

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tom 286

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nr 6

23-42

EN

The main objective of the article is to demonstrate the falseness of the so-called marginal theory of distribution as it is used today. This theory was originally coined by American economist John Bates Clark in the late 19th century. However, the modern version of the theory, used in macroeconomic models including dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) modeling, departs from the original concept. In the first section of this article, the history of the theory of distribution is presented, from the time Clark formulated the theory to the present day. In the following section, a formal proof of the falseness of the contemporary version of the marginal theory of distribution is shown. The proof is illustrated by examples using data from Italy and Poland.

PL

Artykuł ma na celu wykazanie fałszywości współcześnie wykorzystywanej postaci marginalnej teorii podziału. Teoria ta pierwotnie opracowana została przez Johna Batesa Clarka, pierwszego wybitnego ekonomistę amerykańskiego. Jednak jej współczesna postać - wykorzystywana między innymi w modelach makroekonomicznych, w tym modelach DSGE - odbiega od swojego pierwowzoru. W pierwszej części artykułu skupiono się więc na prześledzeniu historii teorii podziału od czasu jej sformułowania przez Clarka, do czasów współczesnych. Następnie, w części drugiej, przedstawiono dowód na fałszywość współcześnie wykorzystywanej postaci teorii podziału, ilustrując go przykładami z wykorzystaniem danych z Włoch i Polski.

12

Efekt grawitacyjny i techniczne uzbrojenie pracy a zróżnicowanie wydajności pracy w krajach UE

63%

Mroczek K. , Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2014

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tom XCIII (93)

245-259

EN

The aim of the research is to conduct a statistical analysis of the influence of so called gravity effect and capital-labour ratio on regional diversification of labour productivity in 28 EU countries between 2000 and 2012. The analysis is based on a macroeconomic concept of Cobb-Douglass production function extended by mentioned before gravity effect. We assume (per analogium to Newton gravity law) that gravity effect which joins two countries is directly positively related to economic potential of both countries and reversely related to the squared geographic distance between them. Hence, countries with strong economic potential and close borders, have stronger economic influence on each other, than countries with low economic potential with big distance between them. The work consists of a description of diversification of gravity effect, capital-labour ratio and labour productivity in EU countries from 2000 to 2012. Moreover, the a statistical analysis of the influence of gravity effect and capital-labour ratio on labour.

13

Kapitał ludzki a wzrost gospodarczy w krajach OECD

63%

Liberda B. , Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2004

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tom 190

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nr 3

16-26

EN

In this study, the Mankiw-Romer-Weil model has been modified, so that the steady state of growth was determined by both the physical and human capital expenditures per effective labour unit. To this end, joint expenditures on physical and human capital have been used for estimations. Private and public spending on education at all levels has been taken into account in analyses of expenditures on human capital. Empirical analyses involve the impact of human capital formation on economic growth process in 29 OECD countries in the years 1980-1998. In all the estimated equations the variation in ratios of investment in physical capital had a statistically relevant impact on the variation in GDP per capita growth rates. The estimates of GDP per capita growth rates equations presented in the study suggest a relatively strong conditional convergence effect. In certain equations the ratios of investment in human capital are statistically relevant, while in other equations they are not. In the authors’ opinion this can be explained in two ways. First, the ratios of investment in human capital, measured by private and public expenditures on education are much lower than the ratios of investment in physical capital. Consequently, their impact on economic growth rates may be less pronounced. Second, the ratios of investment in human capital are (as a rule) higher in countries with higher GDP per capita. If the conditional convergence effect is present in OECD countries, this may weaken the impact of ratios of investment in human capital on growth rates of GDP per capita.

14

Determinanty odpływów z bezrobocia do zatrudnienia w Polsce

63%

Kucharski L. , Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2003

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tom 185

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nr 7-8

47-63

EN

This study is an attempt to carry out an empirical analysis of determinants of outflows from unemployment to employment in Poland in regional perspective. The analyses carried out in the study are based on the so-called augmented matching function. This approach relates outflows from unemployment to such macroeconomic variables as the number of unemployed persons and the number of vacancies, the rate of economic growth and regional diversity of labour market elasticity. The analyses presented in the study, relating to determinants of outflows from unemployment to employment, are based on a cross-section time-series sample composed of observations concerning the above-mentioned macroeconomic variables in regional perspective in 1992-2001. The study presents regional diversity in such macroeconomic variables as rates of unemployment, rates of outflows from unemployment to employment, or vacancy rates during the period analysed by the authors. In the later part of the study the authors present estimated parameters of the augmented matching function in the years 1992 (or 1993) - 2001. The presented statistical analyses are based on constant variation models linked to error-correction models. The study ends with a summary and major conclusions.

15

Taksonomiczne wskaźniki przestrzennego zróżnicowania . rozwoju powiatów

63%

Jabłoński Ł. , Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2010

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tom LXXXI (81)

261-289

EN

The paper analyzes the spatial diversification in economic development of the Polish powiats (administrative spatial units of second degree) in the years 2002–2007. The variables considered in the research are as follows: gross capital assets per capita, investment outlays per capita, wages, and unemployment rates. Some taxonomic indicators based on distance in the Euclidean and in the city space were computed by means of the afore-mentioned variables. It follows from the analysis that the powiats typified by the highest level of development are the ones that before 1999 used to be capital towns of the previous administrative regions, as well as the ones that make part of huge agglomeration cities. The powiats located east of the Vistula river, and on agricultural areas are by far least developed. In the period under investigation the spatial diversification increased by little degree.

16

Zróżnicowanie podstawowych zmiennych makroekonomicznych w województwach i integracja socjalna mniejszości napływowych

63%

Szewczyk M. , Tokarski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2013

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tom LXXXVIII (88)

401-425

XX

The aim of the present study is a descriptive analysis of the spatial variation of basic macroeconomic variables in the Polish provinces. Variables whose variation is considered here are: GDP per capita, gross value of fixed capital formation per capita, investment per capita, wages and the unemployment rate. The work carried out in the paper, because of the availability of relevant statistics for the CSO ww.stat.gov.pl in August 2012, concerns the years 2002–2009 (GDP per capita and gross fixed assets per capita), 2002–2010 (investment per capita), or 2002–2011 (wages and unemployment rate). The paper summarizes the development of taxonomic analysis of complex economic indicators of macroeconomic variables enumerated above.

17

Konwergencja czy dywergencja polskich rynków pracy?

51%

Misiak T. , Tokarski T. , Włodarczyk R. W.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2011

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tom 249

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nr 7-8

47-69

EN

The authors employ statistical analysis to determine if Poland’s regional and local job markets are subject to convergence or divergence in macroeconomic terms. The article analyzes selected labor market variables such as productivity at the regional level, real wages and the unemployment rate. The analyses are based on data from the website www.stat.gov.pl for the 2002-2009 period and for the 2002-2007 period in the case of labor productivity. The authors examine the main theoretical aspects of the processes of real convergence and divergence. They present statistical analyses of unconditional s - and b-convergence at the regional and local levels using panel data. The article ends with a summary and a set of conclusions. The research carried out by the authors reveals that none of the analyzed labor market variables, at either the local or regional levels, was subject to s-convergence throughout the analyzed period, but in specific sub-periods both convergence and divergence processes were observed. The convergence equations estimated by the authors show that only the unemployment rate was subject to b-convergence in both regional and local terms. In the analysis at the regional level, a divergence of real wages was observed in 15 provinces, with Mazovia province being the only exception nationwide. In turn, the research did not confirm that there is a divergence of wages at the county level, the authors note. In the analyzed period, labor productivity at the regional level was not subject to either b-convergence or divergence.

18

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie płac w Polsce

51%

Adamczyk A. , Tokarski T. , Włodarczyk R. W.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2009

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tom 234

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nr 9

87-108

EN

The paper offers a statistical analysis of the determinants of wage differences in Poland in 2002-2006. These analyses are made with the use of a theoretical model that combines the Solow-Summers efficiency wage model (a neo-Keynesian economic model) and neoclassical growth models. This combined model shows that wage differences are determined by macroeconomic variables such as labor productivity and the unemployment rate. The authors use statistical data collected by the Central Statistical Office (GUS) on wages, labor productivity and unemployment in individual counties in Poland in 2002-2006. The analysis shows that the highest wages are reported in large urban centers and “counties that are centers of local economic development,” the authors say. On the other hand, the lowest wages are in typically agricultural counties and those that were home to many former state-run farms. In counties with a high rate of unemployment, relative wages in 2002-2006 were usually lower than in counties with low unemployment rates, while a high level of relative labor productivity was usually accompanied by a high level of relative wages. Regression equation estimates for each of the country’s 16 provinces show that relative wages had a different impact on unemployment rates and relative labor productivity in individual provinces.

19

Złote reguły akumulacji w N-kapitałowym modelu wzrostu gospodarczego

51%

Dykas P. , Sulima A. , Tokarski T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2008

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tom 228

|

nr 11-12

47-75

EN

The paper aims to theoretically determine the golden rules of capital accumulation-as defined by American economist Edmund S. Phelps-under the “N-capital” economic growth model based on a uniform macroeconomic production function, Ξ>0. With Ξ=1, the macroeconomic production function discussed in the paper is characterized by constant scale effects (as in the case of neoclassical growth models developed by Solow, Mankiw, Romer, Weil, Nonneman, and Vanhoudt), the authors say, while with Ξ<1/Ξ>1 the scale effects of the production process decrease/increase. The authors show that the growth model analyzed in the paper is characterized by asymptotic stability in a certain environment. The authors also examine the long-run growth paths of basic macroeconomic variables in the analyzed model and identify the golden rules of capital accumulation under the N-capital growth model when the production process leads to scale effects.

20

Zróżnicowanie stóp bezrobocia rejestrowanego w układzie powiatowym w latach 2002-2011

51%

Majchrowska A. , Mroczek K. , Tokarski T.

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tom 266

|

nr 9

69-90

EN

The article offers a descriptive and statistical analysis of the differentiation of registered unemployment across local areas in Poland. The author looks at the determinants of registered unemployment and changes in the trend from 2002 to 2011. The article analyzes the impact of geographical, historical and administrative factors on differences in unemployment at the county level. Moreover, on the basis of a theoretical model, the author analyzes changes in unemployment in the studied period. The research makes use of several basic methods used in spatial econometrics, including a fixed-effects regression model. The study shows that some of the differences in unemployment rates by county are due to administrative factors, such as the distance from a county to the largest city in a specific province and the type of county: whether it is an urban or rural area. Counties located closer to the administrative centers of their respective provinces and counties located in urban areas tended to have lower average unemployment rates during the studied period, the authors say. Historical factors also play a role, according to the authors: unemployment rates in areas of Poland formerly under Austrian and German rule tended to be lower than in other regions. The analysis of changes in unemployment rates in the studied period shows that labor market adjustments at the county level are dynamic and asymmetrical, the authors say. The analysis also shows that past unemployment rates have a significant impact on the growth of unemployment in future periods and that the scope of changes in unemployment is asymmetrical. Generally, labor market adjustments in urban counties were more asymmetrical than in rural counties, the authors say.

PL

Celem artykułu są opisowe i statystyczne analizy przestrzennego zróżnicowania bezrobocia rejestrowanego w Polsce w przekroju powiatów, jego determinantów oraz zmian w latach 2002-2011. Dokonano analizy wpływu czynników geograficznych, historycznych i administracyjnych na kształtowanie się różnic w poziomie bezrobocia w przekroju powiatów, jak też, na gruncie modelu teoretycznego, przedstawione zostały analizy dynamiki zmian bezrobocia w badanym okresie. W analizach wykorzystano podstawowe metody ekonometrii przestrzennej – oszacowania parametrów równania regresji z efektami indywidualnymi (fixed effect). Przeprowadzone badania wskazały, że część utrzymujących się różnic w stopach bezrobocia w przekroju powiatów wynika z czynników administracyjnych (odległość powiatu od stolicy województwa, grodzki lub ziemski rodzaj powiatu) i historycznych (położenie na terenach dawnych zaborów). Powiaty położone bliżej centrów administracyjnych województw oraz powiaty grodzkie cechowały się przeciętnie niższymi stopami bezrobocia. Niższe niż w pozostałych regionach były również (ceteris paribus) stopy bezrobocia na terenach danych zaborów – austriackiego i niemieckiego. Mamy do czynienia z dynamicznym i asymetrycznym charakterem dostosowań na powiatowych rynkach pracy. Wskazały one, że przeszły poziom stóp bezrobocia ma istotne znaczenie dla jego przyrostu w kolejnych okresach oraz, że skala zmian bezrobocia jest asymetryczna. Spadek stóp bezrobocia był (ceteris paribus) silniejszy, niż jego wzrost. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazały również na istotne znaczenie dla dynamiki zmian bezrobocia czynników administracyjnych. Elastyczność zmian stóp bezrobocia względem produkcji sprzedanej przemysłu w powiatach grodzkich była niższa niż w powiatach ziemskich. Ponadto w przypadku powiatów grodzkich mocniej niż w powiatach ziemskich uwidoczniła się asymetryczność zmian zachodzących na rynku pracy.