Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ocena dokładności określenia pozycji systemów EGNOS i DGPS na podstawie wieloletnich pomiarów w latach 2006–2014

100%

Specht M.

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tom T. 47, nr 2

127--136

PL

Systemy DGPS (ang. Differential GPS) i EGNOS (ang. European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) zalicza się do grupy satelitarnych systemów wspomagających (ang. Satellite Based Augmentation System – SBAS). Systemy te cechują się znacznie lepszymi charakterystykami nawigacyjnymi niż system GPS, w związku z czym znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w nawigacji morskiej, lądowej i powietrznej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że z roku na rok zwiększa się dokładność określenia pozycji przez system GPS. Skutkiem tego jest równoległe zwiększanie dokładności określenia pozycji przez wszystkie systemy wspomagające. W związku z tym, że charakterystyki dokładnościowe wspomnianych systemów ulegają ciągłej poprawie, a ich użytkownicy nie posiadają bieżącej informacji o aktualnym stanie, to zasadne jest przeprowadzenie okresowych badań w tym zakresie. W tym celu zrealizowano długoterminowe kampanie pomiarowe w latach 2006–2014 i na ich podstawie wyznaczono wartości miar opisujących dokładności określenia pozycji uzyskiwane przez oba systemy.

EN

DGPS and EGNOS belong to a group of satellite based augmentation systems (SBAS). These systems have much better navigational characteristics than the GPS, and therefore are widely used in sea, land and air navigation. On the basis of the analyses follow that the GPS increases the accuracy in determining the position from year to year. The effect is parallel to the increase of accuracy of the positioning delivered by all of augmentation systems. In view of the fact that the accuracy characteristics of these systems are being improved on constant basis and that their users don’t have current information about the actual status, it is reasonable to conduct periodic researches in this area. For this purpose, the long-term measurement campaigns were executed in years 2006–2014, and based on their results they indicated the values of measures describing the accuracy of positions obtained by both systems.

2

Accuracy analysis of GPS sport receivers in dynamic measurements

63%

Specht M. , Szot T.

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tom No. 19, part 1

165--176

EN

Producers of GPS receivers nowadays offer many easy-to-use, mobile units for amateur and professional athletes. Similar functionality parameters and a relatively low price make it difficult for the average user to make a choice. This article compares technical aspects of different GPS devices and presents results of their dynamic accuracy evaluation. Selected GNSS units were divided into two groups: specialized dedicated to sports and GPS data loggers. The tests were carried out on the sports stadium of the Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, where the lanes were measured with the use of the GPS Total Station phase receivers Leica GS-15 VIVA, supported by Polish Active Geodetic Network ASG-EUPOS. The ellipsoidal coordinates logged in the GNSS sports receivers were transformed in Gauss-Kruger projection to conformal x, y coordinates and statistical distributions of the predictable accuracy were calculated. The article also discusses other (important from a functional point of view) characteristics of GPS receivers used by athletes.

3

Wyznaczanie linii podstawowej i zewnętrznej granicy morza terytorialnego – aspekt metodyczny

51%

Specht C. , Weintrit A. , Specht M. , Dąbrowski P.

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tom nr 97

185--200

PL

Dotychczas na świecie wyznaczono zaledwie około 200 z 430 morskich granic państwowych, co stanowi mniej niż połowę wszystkich granic. Jedną z przyczyn tego stanu (poza aspektem prawnym, technicznym, pomiarowym) są zagadnienia metodologiczne, związane z zasadami wyznaczania przebiegu linii podstawowej. Z podobnymi problemami mamy do czynienia w Polsce. W sensie prawnym przebieg granic polskich obszarów morskich będą ustalać krajowe akty prawne, przedstawione w „Projekcie rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów w sprawie szczegółowego przebiegu linii podstawowej morza terytorialnego, zewnętrznej granicy morza terytorialnego oraz zewnętrznej granicy strefy przyległej Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej”. Biorąc pod uwagę jedynie przytoczone daty dokumentów w powyższym projekcie (1957–1995 r.) oraz zmienność warunków hydrologicznych akwenu Morza Bałtyckiego, można uznać, iż państwo polskie nie będzie dysponowało aktualnym zbiorem danych geograficznych, ustalającym przebieg granicy morskiej. W artykule omówiono szczegółowo międzynarodowe zasady wyznaczania przebiegu linii podstawowej i zewnętrznej granicy morza terytorialnego państwa nadmorskiego. Ponadto obliczono aktualną powierzchnię morza terytorialnego i długość granicy morskiej Polski.

EN

So far, the world's designated only about 200 of the 430 marine national boundaries, which is less than half of all boundaries. One of the reasons for this (beyond the legal aspect, technical measurement) is a methodological issue related to the rules determining the course of the baseline. In the legal sense, the course of the Polish maritime boundaries will be determined by national laws, which were described in „Draft Government Regulation on the detailed course of the baseline, outer limit of the territorial sea and outer limit of the contiguous zone of the Republic of Poland” (in Polish). Looking only at the document dates in the above project (1957–1995) and hydrological variability in the Baltic Sea, it may be considered that Poland won’t have current set of geographic data, which determines the course of the maritime boundary. The paper discusses the international rules concerning the determination of the baseline and outer limit of the territorial sea. Moreover, it was calculated current area of the Polish territorial sea and length of the Polish maritime boundary.

4

Application of an autonomous/unmanned survey vessel (ASV/USV) in bathymetric measurements

51%

Specht C. , Switalski E. , Specht M.

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nr 3

EN

The accuracy of bathymetric maps, especially in the coastal zone, is very important from the point of view of safety of navigation and transport. Due to the continuous change in shape of the seabed, these maps are fast becoming outdated for precise navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform periodical bathymetric measurements to keep them updated on a current basis. At present, none of the institutions in Poland (maritime offices, Hydrographic Office of the Polish Navy) which are responsible for implementation of this type of measurements has at their disposal a hydrographic vessel capable of carrying out measurements for shallow waters (at depths below 1 m). This results in emergence of large areas for which no measurement data have been obtained and, consequently, the maps in the coastal zones are rather unreliable.The article presents the concept of bathymetric measurements for shallow waters with the use of an autonomous, unmanned sur vey vessel (ASV/USV). For this pur pose, the authors modernized a typical ASV/USV unit with standard radio remote control system to the fully autonomous mode. As part of the modernization, the route planning software was created. The developed software works based on, alternatively, GNSS measurements of the coastline, or satellite images. The system was supplemented by an own autopilot (adapted for flying drones). Moreover, the method of controlling electric motors was changed thanks to the use of own electronic circuit.The modernized ASV/USV measuring system was verified by performing bathymetric measurements of the retention reservoir in Gdansk, Poland. Then, the obtained measurement data were used to create a digital bottom model and a bathymetric map of the reservoir

5

Badanie dokładności personalnych odbiorników GPS w pomiarach dynamicznych

51%

Specht C. , Szot T. , Specht M.

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tom R. 20, nr 10

2547--2555, CD

PL

System GPS stanowi współcześnie podstawowe źródło określania położenia w nawigacji nieprofesjonalnej. Podobne parametry oraz relatywnie niska cena powodują trudności w wyborze urządzenia przez przeciętnego użytkownika. Poniższy artykuł prezentuje ich dokładności wyznaczone eksperymentalnie w pomiarach dynamicznych. Wybrane odbiorniki GNSS zostały podzielone na następujące grupy: wyspecjalizowane odbiorniki przeznaczone do sportowych konkurencji biegowych, rejestratory trasy (DataLogger GPS) oraz odbiorniki rowerowe. Pomiary zostały zrealizowane na stadionie AWFiS w Gdańsku, uprzednio zinwentaryzowanym geodezyjnie. Współrzędne elipsoidalne zarejestrowane przez odbiorniki GNSS zostały przetransformowane do układu współrzędnych płaskich 2000, stosowanego w Polsce. W dalszej kolejności określono statystyki błędów wyznaczenia współrzędnych pozycji umożliwiające ich kategoryzację jakościową.

EN

Currently GPS constitutes the main source of location in an unproffesional navigation. Similar functionality parameters and relatively low price make selected choice very difficult for average user. The article presents accuracy analyses of receivers which were designated in dynamic measurements. Selected GNSS units were divided into groups: specialized receivers dedicated to track events, GPS dataloggers and bicycle receivers. The tests were realized on the sport stadium of the Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport which were previously inventoried. The ellipsoidal coordinates archived in the GNSS receivers were transformed in Gauss-Kruger projection to coordinate system “2000” which is applied in Poland. In the further part there were defined statistics of positioning solution errors which allow receivers qualitative categorization.

6

Polish DGPS System: 1995-2018 – studies of reference station operating zones

51%

Specht C. , Specht M. , Dąbrowski P. S.

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tom Vol. 13, no. 3

581--586

EN

The operating zone of a radio navigation system is one of its main operating features. It determines the size of a water body in which the system can be used, while guaranteeing vessels’ navigation safety. The DGPS system in the LF/MF range is now the basic positioning system in coastal waters around the world, which guarantees not only metre positioning accuracy, but it is also the only one to provide navigators with signals on positioning reliability. This paper describes and summarises over twenty years of studies dealing with the operating zone of the Polish DGPS reference station network. This paper is the fifth in a series of publications whose aim was to present in detail the process of installation, testing and long-term evaluation of the navigational parameters of the Polish DGPS system, launched in 1995. This paper includes the theoretical foundations of determination of the Dziwnów and Rozewie DGPS reference station operating zones in the years 1995-2018. Moreover, it presents the measurement results for the signal levels and the results of their analyses, which determine the station operating zones.

7

Application of an autonomous/unmanned survey vessel (asv/usv) in bathymetric measurements

51%

Specht C. , Świtalski E. , Specht M.

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tom nr 3

36--44

EN

The accuracy of bathymetric maps, especially in the coastal zone, is very important from the point of view of safety of navigation and transport. Due to the continuous change in shape of the seabed, these maps are fast becoming outdated for precise navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform periodical bathymetric measurements to keep them updated on a current basis. At present, none of the institutions in Poland (maritime offices, Hydrographic Office of the Polish Navy) which are responsible for implementation of this type of measurements has at their disposal a hydrographic vessel capable of carrying out measurements for shallow waters (at depths below 1 m). This results in emergence of large areas for which no measurement data have been obtained and, consequently, the maps in the coastal zones are rather unreliable. The article presents the concept of bathymetric measurements for shallow waters with the use of an autonomous, unmanned survey vessel (ASV/USV). For this purpose, the authors modernized a typical ASV/USV unit with standard radio remote control system to the fully autonomous mode. As part of the modernization, the route planning software was created. The developed software works based on, alternatively, GNSS measurements of the coastline, or satellite images. The system was supplemented by an own autopilot (adapted for flying drones). Moreover, the method of controlling electric motors was changed thanks to the use of own electronic circuit. The modernized ASV/USV measuring system was verified by performing bathymetric measurements of the retention reservoir in Gdansk, Poland. Then, the obtained measurement data were used to create a digital bottom model and a bathymetric map of the reservoir.

8

Polish DGPS system: 1995-2017 - study of positioning accuracy

45%

Specht C. , Smolarek L. , Pawelski J. , Specht M. , Dabrowski P.

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nr 2

EN

This paper is the fourth in a series of publications presenting the process of installation, testing and long-term assessment of the navigational parameters of the Polish DGPS system. This series of publications intends to present – to the general public – the accomplishments of teams of Polish scientists who have been working for years to make the DGPS the main positioning system used in the Polish sea areas. A considerable part of the materials presented in this paper has never been published.The article presents changes in the position accuracy of the Polish DGPS system over 20 years. Both dynamic tests performed on vessels as well as static measurements campaigns were analysed. The publication contains selected results achieved in its installation and testing in 1995–1997 supplemented with the results of studies conducted in the years: 2006, 2010, 2014, 2017. During this period the position accuracy increased from 2–8 m (1996) to approx. 1–2 m (2010) due to three reasons: turning – off the Selective Availability (2000), technical modernization of reference stations (2010) and continuous – over many years – reducing GPS signal-in-space pseudorange errors, which results in increased position accuracy in all GPS augmentation systems

9

Comparative analysis of unmanned aerial vehicles used in photogrammetric surveys

45%

Specht M. , Widźgowski S. , Stateczny A. , Specht C. , Lewicka O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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tom Vol. 17 No. 2

433--443

EN

There are many manufacturers on the market offering various types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The multitude of drones available on the market means that the choice of a UAV for a specific application appears to be a decision problem to be solved. The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of drones used in photogrammetric surveys. The criteria for evaluating the UAVs were: availability and product support, payload (min. 5 kg), price (PLN 100,000), as well as space available for measurement modules. These are the requirements that must be met for the implementation of the INNOBAT project, the aim of which is to develop an integrated system using autonomous unmanned aerial and surface vehicles, intended for bathymetric monitoring in the coastal zone. The comparative analysis of drones was based on 27 companies producing UAV. Based on the analysis, 6 drones that met the project requirements were selected. They were: Aurelia X6 Pro, Aurelia X8 Standard LE, DroneHexa AG, FOX-C8 XT, Hercules 10 and Zoe X4. Selected UAVs differ from each other, among others, in the number of rotors, flight duration and resistance to weather conditions. Individual characteristics of drones may have a different rank depending on their application, therefore the selection of UAVs should be made after prioritisation criteria of a given project.

10

Zastosowanie mobilnych pomiarów satelitarnych do określania położenia wysokościowego torów

38%

Specht C. , Koc W. , Chrostowski P. , Szmagliński J. , Skóra M. , Specht M.

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tom Nr 9

42--45

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę sprawdzenia, na jaką dokładność można było liczyć na kolejnych etapach rozwoju techniki mobilnych pomiarów satelitarnych w zakresie określania położenia wysokościowego torów. Do tego celu wykorzystano wyniki kampanii pomiarów satelitarnych przeprowadzonych na przestrzeni lat 2009÷2015. W wyniku przeprowadzenia odpowiedniej procedury obliczeniowej wykazano, że w okresie tym dokładność pomiaru wysokościowego w metodzie mobilnych pomiarów satelitarnych wyraźnie wzrosła. Określona średnia wartość błędu pomiarowego wynosi obecnie kilka milimetrów. Związane jest to niewątpliwie z rozwijającą się technologią stosowaną w coraz to nowszych urządzeniach pomiarowych, jak również z rozwijającym się niezmiennie segmentem kosmicznym oraz naziemnym techniki pozycjonowania GNSS. Stwierdzenia te są bardzo obiecujące z punktu widzenia perspektyw zastosowania mobilnych pomiarów satelitarnych w diagnostyce toru.

EN

The main goal of the study was to show how much accurate was the signal of the height positioning of the following stages of technology development of the mobile satellite measurements. For this purpose, the results of satellite measurements campaign conducted in the years 2009 ÷ 2015 have been analyzed. As a result of the analysis and appropriate calculation procedure it has been shown that during this period, the accuracy of height positions obtained in the method of mobile satellite measurements has been signifi cantly increased. The determined average value of the measurement error is now approximately several millimeters. Undoubtedly, this fact is due to improvements of technology of measuring devices, as well as constantly developed cosmic and ground segment of GNSS positioning technology. These findings are very promising from the point of view of further utilizing of the mobile satellite measurements in the diagnosis of the track.

11

Mobilne pomiary satelitarne na liniach Pomorskiej Kolei Metropolitalnej

32%

Specht C. , Dąbrowski P. , Specht M. , Koc W. , Chrostowski P. , Szmagliński J. , Dera M. , Skóra M.

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tom Nr 5

9--16

PL

W pracy przedstawiono organizację i wykonanie mobilnych pomiarów satelitarnych torów kolejowych, przeprowadzonych na liniach Pomorskiej Kolei Metropolitalnej przed oficjalnym oddaniem do eksploatacji. Pomiary te umożliwiły dokładne odtworzenie rzeczywistego kształtu geometrycznego torów. Opisano zagadnienia projektowania i budowy omawianej linii kolejowej oraz prace geodezyjne przy realizacji inwestycji. W analizie wyników przeprowadzonych pomiarów kwestie transformacji pomierzonych punktów do układu Gdańsk '70, powtarzalności pomiarów oraz porównania pomierzonego przebiegu trasy z przebiegiem projektowanym.

EN

This paper presents the process of organization and execution of the mobile satellite measurements conducted on the tracks of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway before officially entry the line into operation. These measurements allowed for the accurate identification of the actual geometric shape of the line. In the paper the issues of both design and construction phase of this railway line has been described. Moreover, the geodetic works during implementation of the investment has been introduced. The analysis of the surveying results was focused on the issues like transformation the measured data to the local system of coordinates called Gdańsk '70, repeatability of measurement's results and comparison of measured route with the designed geometrical layout.