Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Egyptologie na internetu

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Odler M.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2018

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nr 20

79-91

EN

The article follows an example of Wouter Claes and Ellen van Keer (2014) and provides an overview of the Egyptological sources available on the Internet, intended to serve interested Czech and Slovak audiences. Two main aims of the article are to provide a catalogue of the Internet sources and to discuss some problems connected to them. After a short history of the Internet and its diverse language versions, fundamental Egyptological resources are discussed, followed by web pages of the Egyptological institutes and museums, sources on the ancient Egyptian language and archaeology, Egyptological journals, social networks (i.e. predominantly Facebook, Academia.edu and Research Gate), videos, pseudoarchaeological sources, digital humanities, open data and Web 2.0 (crowdsourcing projects). The available data are mostly only of the first star of the five-star data deployment scheme as proposed by Tim Berners-Lee. Additionally, although a lot of data and databases are available online for free, the latest knowledge published in monographs and journals is only exceptionally reachable in open access. In this respect, the cataloguing of existing sources by specialists is very important, represented in the field e.g. by Egyptology Resources and Ancient World Online.

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WHOSE TOOLS ARE THESE? AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPLIED TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OLD KINGDOM EGYPTIAN CHISELS

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Gaude Fugarolas D. , Odler M.

Asian and African Studies

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2023

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tom 32

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nr 2

137 - 187

EN

This paper presents an attempt to apply advanced computational methods to a database of Old Kingdom Egyptian copper model tools. We examine a particular class of artefacts, chisels. A smaller dataset extracted from them was used to train several linear and non-linear classification models. All these models were able to classify the items according to their origin, the site or part of site where they were found. The origin of the chisels was set against a working hypothesis in an attempt to establish the provenance of some chisels, presumably ones coming from excavations by Hermann Junker at Giza, currently in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The classification model has corroborated the indications of other contextual information, and the tentative provenance of the assemblages in the Western Field at Giza is proposed. Another set of predictions was influenced by fragments of chisels, particularly those described in the database from Abusir South, which skewed the predictions of other fragmentary pieces towards this site.

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Bronzové fragmenty z Usli

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Odler M. , Kmošek J.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2014

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nr 13

56-60

EN

The excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology at the temple at Usli (Bárta et al. 2013b) have brought to light several bronze fragments (Figs. 1–2), which have been found in a secondary position among the blocks of the stone floor of the temple. Fragments Aand B were examined following archaeological documentation by means of ametallographic section and analysed by SEM–EDS. Fragment A has been interpreted as a bronze plaque from a foundation deposit, made of leaded bronze with traces of arsenic, cast without further processing (Figs. 4–6, Table 1). Fragment B is a fragment of a chisel, made of tin bronze with 0.7 % Pb and 0.1 % P, annealed after casting (Figs. 7–8, Table 1). The chisel might have been part of the foundation deposit as well; tools had occurred in foundation deposits since Dynasty 11 and metal/bronze plaques since Dynasty 19 (Weinstein 1973). Analogies of the artefacts have been published by Cowell from Nuri (1997) and from New Kingdom contexts e.g. by Schoske (2007). The current state of research does not allow us to determine whether the fragments could be dated to the New Kingdom or the Napatan Period.

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Hrobka muže bez tváře. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu hrobky Anchirese (AS 98), inspektora kadeřníků královského paláce

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Dulíková V. , Bárta M. , Odler M. , Peterková Hlouchová M.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2018

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nr 20

12-26

EN

During the autumn season of 2016, the tomb of an inspector of hairdressers of the Great House, Ankhires (AS 98), commenced excavation. The works were finished in the autumn season of 2017. In the architecture of the mastaba, two building phases were detected. Its cultic places were accessible from the north. A corridor chapel, where two levels of mud floor, a possible mud brick altar and a northern niche in the western wall were uncovered, leads to Room 2, giving access to abundantly decorated Room 1 with polychrome reliefs in at least three registers. The wall decoration of the funerary chapel was largely destroyed; only one block remained in situ and several fragments of the false door were found in the debris. In the core of the mastaba, only one shaft was uncovered. It was 11.75 m deep with a burial chamber at its bottom. An entrance into the burial apartment was in the western wall of the shaft. Neither the bottom of the shaft, nor the burial chamber were finished, though. This fact is fairly surprising taking into consideration the tomb’s intricate architecture. The tomb is preliminarily dated to the late Fifth Dynasty (Nyuserre – Djedkare). Interestingly enough, six late burials in wooden coffins (67–69/AS98/2017, 99–101/AS98/2017) from the end of the First Millennium BC were excavated by the western part of the entrance into the mastaba, and to the east of its eastern outer wall. The coffins were decorated very simply. However, the timber was very fragile and that is why the coffins had decayed, with the exception of two examples (67/AS98/2017 and 68/AS98/2017). In front of the eastern outer wall, three faience amulets were found (96/AS98/2017, 103/AS98/2017, 105/AS98/2017). These might be related to the late burials.

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A burial with a stamp seal depicting a Bes-like figure from Abusir

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Dulíková V. , Odler M. , Březinová H. , Havelková P.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2015

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nr 15

69-75

EN

In the autumn of 2010, a humble intact burial in a reed coffin was found during the excavation of the Old Kingdom stone mastaba of the chief physician Neferherptah (AS 65) at Abusir South. The burial was positioned directly on the superstructure of Neferherptah’s tomb. The body of a more than fifty-year-old woman had been wrapped in linen, as indicated by eight fragments of fabric. The only burial equipment of the deceased consisted of a mud brick used as a headrest and a pyramidal stamp seal with a Bes-shaped figure on its base found on the breastbone. This latest addition to the corpus of stamp seals represents the first amulet of its type to come from a documented primary archaeological context at the Memphite necropolis. Although this tiny find is small in size, it is of particular importance for the study of the burial customs and beliefs of the lower social strata in the Memphite necropolis. The seal most probably provides one of the earliest examples of iconographical evidence for the archetype of the god later known as Bes. Some of the archaeological material from the excavations was destroyed during the Egyptian revolution in 2011. The remaining material is examined in this paper, together with an anthropological and textile report.

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New Egyptian tomb type found at Abusir South? Report on the excavations of mud brick complex AS 103

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Odler M. , Peterková Hlouchová M. , Arias Kytnarová K. , Havelková P.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2018

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nr 21

73-93

EN

In the autumn season of 2017, four mud brick structures designated as AS 103 were excavated in the area of the south-eastern part of the New Kingdom temple (AS 70–73). It is a complex of four corridor chapels/tombs (in an area of 15.0 × 12.7 m), with single or composed niches in the western inner walls. One of the niches in Corridor Chapel 1 was cased with red-painted wooden planks. Shafts were detected in front of the niches, a fairly uncommon phenomenon in Egyptian tomb architecture. The term “hollow tomb with a shaft below a niche” is being proposed for this new tomb (sub)type. A preliminary study of the pottery leads to the conclusion that the tombs were built from the east to the west, with Corridor Chapels 4, 3 and 2 built successively in the Third Dynasty and Corridor Chapel 1 in the Fifth Dynasty. Even though they were funeral structures, not many burials were excavated: the remains of a single human body have been found. The structures did not contain many finds, either. However, four white limestone offering basins were uncovered in situ. One of them was inscribed with the female name Nfr.t-jw=s. It is evident that the excavations have brought to light new insights into burial practices of non-elite people of the Old Kingdom period. In the context of Abusir South, AS 103 represents the first thoroughly excavated complex of such a type of tombs. Based on preliminary probing, similar structures are very likely located nearby, continuing in all directions.

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Čtyři domy z města mrtvých. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu komplexu hrobek AS 103 pod chrámem z Nové říše v jižním Abúsíru

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Odler M. , Peterková Hlouchová M. , Havelková P.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2018

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nr 20

27-34

EN

In November 2017, mud brick structures, designated as AS 103, were excavated (fig. 1) in the area of the southeastern part of the later New Kingdom temple (numbered as structures AS 70–73; fig. 2). AS 103 is a complex of four corridor chapels (in an area with measurements of 15.0 × 12.7 m). The western inner walls of each corridor chapel were decorated with single and composed niches (figs. 3–6). Interestingly enough, Niche 9 in Corridor chapel 1 was found with wooden planks on the mud brick masonry (fig. 6). Four limestone offering basins were found, one of them inscribed with a female name Nfr.t-jw=s (fig. 7). A preliminary study of the pottery enables us to date Corridor chapel 1 and 2 to the Fifth Dynasty, whereas Corridor chapels 3 and 4 might have been constructed already in the late Third Dynasty or in the early Fourth Dynasty. The excavations brought to light new information on the burial practices of non-elite people of these periods: in this particular part of Abusir, AS 103 represents the first thoroughly excavated complex of such a type of tombs, which undoubtedly continues in all directions, built chronologically from the east to the west.

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Archaeological excavation of the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III (tomb AC 30) in Abusir

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Krejčí J. , Arias Kytnarová K. , Odler M.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2015

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nr 15

28-42

EN

During the autumn of 2014, the Czech Institute of Egyptology continued its archaeological research of the southern part of the Abusir royal pyramid necropolis. In Nakhtsare’s cemetery, tomb AC 30 was unearthed, which appeared to belong to a hitherto unknown queen, Khentkaus III. Much damaged by stone robbers, the tomb consists of a north-south mastaba, 16.12 × 10.70 m large THE MASTABA OF QUEEN KHENTKAU S I I I ( AC 30) PES XV/2015 41 with a rather simple layout, including an L-shaped chapel in the superstructure and a vertical shaft and a burial chamber in the substructure. In the tomb’s substructure part of the burial equipment was found (travertine model vessels, copper models of tools or fragments of wooden objects) as well as fragments of a mummified female skeleton, which might have belonged to the tomb owner. The identification of the previously unknown “wife of the king” and “mother of the king”, Khentkaus III, as the tomb owner was made thanks to the numerous masons’ inscriptions documented on the tomb masonry in the subterranean part of the tomb. This discovery opens new avenues into the investigation of the situation in the royal family at the beginning of the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. The analysis of the pottery used in the fill of the mastaba’s core masonry is methodologically very important as it has been used as the major dating criterion post quem.

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In the shadow of Kaaper. Preliminary report on the anonymous Fifth Dynasty tomb AS 88

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Odler M. , Arias K. , Honzl J. , Brukner Havelková P. , Sůvová Z.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2021

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nr 27

7-42

EN

This paper presents an archaeological report on the anonymous Fifth Dynasty mastaba AS 88 from the Abusir South necropolis, south west of the tomb of the official Kaaper (AS 1). The tomb was reduced to the ground in antiquity and only fundaments of its architectural disposition remain: the chapel and serdab located in the southernmost third of the ground plan, and the main burial Shaft 4 with looted burial chamber to the north. The tomb owner was a robust male who lived to relatively old age, between 40 and 60 years. Neighbouring ritual Shaft 5 has been undisturbed since antiquity and near its opening, a dislocated base of a combed ware vessel of Syro Palestinian provenance was found, probably having come from the looted burial equipment of Kaaper. Other selected ceramic, anthropological (including two undisturbed Old Kingdom burials in subsidiary shafts of the tomb), and archaeozoological finds are presented as well in the report. The last part of the article discusses the importance of similar structures in the broader understanding of the Old Kingdom at Abusir, as they provide a humble counterpart to the pyramids and major tombs of Royal Abusir.

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Staroegyptské měděné a bronzové artefakty v Egyptském muzeu Lipské univerzity. Průběžná zpráva o projektu

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Odler M. , Kmošek J. , Jamborová T. , Msallamová Š. , Kmoníčková M. , Šálková K.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2016

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nr 16

37-46

EN

This article presents a preliminary report on the first results of the interdisciplinary project Early copper metallurgy in Ancient Egypt- a case study of the material from Agyptisches Museum - Georg Steindorff - der Universitat Leipzig, in cooperation of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Institute of Chemistry and Technology in Prague and the Egyptian Museum in Leipzig. The project is focused on the analysis of a selected corpus of artefacts from ancient Egyptian and Nubian sites (fig. 1 ). The analysed material was found in greatest part at the Egyptian sites of Abusir, Abydos and Giza and at the Nubian site of Aniba (fig. 2). The artefacts represent an outline of the development of ancient Egyptian metallurgy over more than one and half millennia, from the First Dynasty (ca 3100 - 2900 BC) until almost the end of the New Kingdom (ca 1200 BC). The selected corpus of artefacts has been documented by X-ray radiography and computer tomography last year at the Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Material Science of the Leipzig University. In all, 86 artefacts were then sampled and almost 100 samples obtained. The results of a metallography and SEMIEDS analysis of five selected artefacts, representing five different chronological stages of the corpus, are discussed in this article (Table 1 ). The first one is a Dynasty 1 vessel from Abusir South (AMUL 2162; Fig. 3). This bowl was hammered out of copper sheet, with high contents of Ni, As and Fe. Non-metallic admixtures of copper sulfides are present in the inner structure, which is highly deformed by the hammering. The second is an Old Kingdom vessel from Giza made of arsenical copper, hammered and annealed (AMUL 2169; Figs. 4-5). The third is a lugged and decorated Middle Kingdom axe blade, hammered and annealed and made of copper with admixtures of As, Fe and S (AMUL 3952; Fig. 6). The fourth is a pair of tweezers from a C-Group tumulus N83 at Aniba, which was made by the cold hammering of arsenical copper, but with rather surprising amount (1 .0%) of tin (AMUL 4647; Figs. 7-8). The fifth is the middle part of an early Dynasty 18 dagger cast from a tin bronze alloy (AMUL 2153; Figs. 9- 1 0). A poster with the analysis of the XRF results was presented at the 41st International Symposium on Archaeometry at Kalamata (Greece) and received honorable mention from The Society for Archaeological Sciences in the Best Student Poster competition (Kmosek - Odler et a/. 2016). All samples will be submitted to neutron activation analysis, and the selected corpus will be also analysed for lead isotope ratios.

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A new tomb of transitional type from Abusir South: mastaba of Nyankhseshat (AS 104)

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Odler M. , Peterková Hlouchová M. , Havelková P. , Sůvová Z. , Arias Kytnarová K. , Jirásková L. , Brůna V.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2019

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nr 23

49-82

EN

Mastaba AS 104 is located above the Wadi Abusiri, to the south-east of the tomb of Kaaper (AS 1). It was preserved almost to the height of the former roofing, hence almost completely. The whole structure was built on a platform with a trapezoid section and, looking from the south, it must have appeared as a two-stepped structure. The core of the upper step was built of rather small undressed blocks of local limestone and contained a rectangular room (Serdab 2) and three deep shafts. It was covered with a layer of large and heavy mud bricks. The superstructure contained the main focal point of the funerary cult (cruciform chapel and Serdab 1). Contrary to other similar structures of roughly the same date, niching decorated only the eastern wall. The tomb was built for a custodian of the king’s property, Nyankhseshat, whose other titles reflect his position in the organization of work, the overseeing of gold procurement and a religious connection to metallurgy. This tomb represents, at least in the Abusir area, currently the last known tomb of transitional type. Apparently, in the Fourth or Fifth Dynasty, the main chapel fell into disuse and the mastaba was used by new owners (scribe of the treasury and royal wab-priest Sekhemka and his spouse, king’s acquaintance Henutsen), which is demonstrated by a limestone stela inserted into the eastern outer wall. Altogether five limestone basins were uncovered, four of them in situ. A number of interesting finds were collected in the shafts (wooden coffin fragments, copper and travertine models, a clay sealing, human bones, animal bones). This article presents an architectural and archaeological description of tomb AS 104 and offers some preliminary analyses of the finds, supplemented also by concise information on human and animal bones found. Last but not least, it describes documentation and methods used in the field.

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Diskovité korálky ze skořápek pštrosích vajec z mezolitického sídliště Sfinga (SKB.W-60) v pohoří Sabaloka (centrální Súdán)

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Varadzinová Suková L. , Sůvová Z. , Cílek V. , Odler M. , Pokorný P. , Varadzin L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2015

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nr 14

66-71

EN

Ostrich eggs are sought after not only for their nutrition content, but also for use in artefact industries. The egg shells can be used to make containers or items of personal decoration, such as pendants and disc beads. The latter artefacts and the process of their manufacturing were studied on the material gained through excavation in 2012 of Sounding 2 (20 m2) at the Mesolithic settlement and burial ground of Sphinx (SBK.W-60) at Jebel Sabaloka (West Bank) in central Sudan.

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Jedna hrobka ve dvou dynastiích. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu mastaby AS 104 v jižním Abúsíru

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Odler M. , Peterková Hlouchová M. , Havelková P. , Sůvová Z. , Arias Kytnarová A. , Brůna V. , Jirásková L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2019

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nr 22

21-42

EN

During the spring season of 2018, the mastaba of Nyankhseshat (AS 104; 29.60 × 13.20 m), belonging to the transitional type of tombs, was excavated at Abusir South. The tomb is located to the southeast of Ity’s tomb (AS 10) on the edge of Wadi Abusiri. The whole structure, with the core of irregular limestone blocks and mud brick casing, was built on a platform with a trapezoidal section. The superstructure consisted of a cruciform chapel, Serdabs 1 and 2, three shafts and a corridor chapel. The name of the tomb owner and his most important title – property custodian of the king – were preserved on an offering basin and a wooden panel in the western wall of the chapel (with a shortened form as Ishet). The mastaba was built in the early Fourth Dynasty. However, it was reused in the first half of the Fifth Dynasty (the reign of Neferirkare) when a stela of scribe of Treasury Sekhemka and his consort, Henutsen, were added, along with four limestone offering basins found in situ in the corridor. Although all the shafts were looted, they brought to light remains of burials. Apart from human bones, the remnants of the burial equipment were uncovered, including fragments of wooden coffins, travertine and copper model vessels, ceramic sherds and a mud sealing with the name of King Neferirkare. Animal bones and natural animal mummies were collected as well. Three structures, excavated only partially, were located in the vicinity of AS 104: AS 105 (to the east), AS 107 (to the north) and AS 108 (to the south).

CS

Na samé jižní výspě abúsírské nekropole, na okraji Wádí Abúsírí, byla v průběhu jarní expedice 2018 prozkoumána poměrně rozsáhlá hrobka, označená jako AS 104 (29,60 × 13,20 m). Byla tvořena kamenným jádrem a vnějším pláštěm cihlového zdiva. Svojí architekturou spadá do kategorie tzv. hrobek přechodného typu, kombinujících prvky starší zádušní architektury z Raně dynastické doby a mladší z počátku Staré říše. Je tudíž možné ji datovat do začátku 4. dynastie, velmi pravděpodobně do doby vlády panovníka Snofrua. Jejím vlastníkem byl vysoce postavený úředník, správce královského majetku Nianchsešat. Avšak jak ukázal výzkum, mastaba byla později využívána znovu, a to před polovinou 5. dynastie. Tehdy byla minimálně jedna šachta opět použita a do východní stěny hrobky byla vsazena zdobená vápencová stéla nových majitelů – písaře pokladnice Sechemky a jeho choti Henutsen. Přestože všechny šachty byly vykradené, každá nesla stopy po pohřbu. Kromě lidských kostí byly odkryty i pozůstatky pohřební výbavy, jako např. fragmenty dřevěných rakví, travertinové a měděné modely nádob, keramické zlomky nebo otisk pečeti se jménem panovníka Neferirkarea. V průběhu výzkumu byly sesbírány nejen lidské, ale i zvířecí kosti a přírodní mumie zvířat. V nejbližším okolí mastaby se nacházely další stavby, ty byly v rámci expedice zachyceny pouze částečně: AS 105 (východně), AS 107 (severně) a AS 108 (jižně). Výzkum přinesl řadu důležitých nálezů a zjištění o málo známé době v Abúsíru, o době těsně před tím, než tuto lokalitu opustili vysocí úředníci, již se poté nechávali pohřbívat v Gíze. Jarní práce v Abúsíru rovněž poskytly informace o počátcích nové éry před polovinou 5. dynastie, kdy se zde opět začaly budovat hrobky a byly využity i již existující stavby

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Tomb of Kairsu discovered in Abusir (AC 33)

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Bárta M. , Jirásková L. , Krejčí J. , Odler M. , Brůna V. , Brunker Havelková P. , Sůvová Z.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2020

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nr 25

35-58

EN

The tomb of Kairsu is located north of the pyramid of Neferirkare and is part of a so far unexplored cemetery dating to the reign of Neferirkare – Nyuserre. The mastaba features several highly unusual characteristics. Basalt blocks had been used for the pavement in front of the façade and in the chapel. To date, it is the only attestation of such a practice in a non-royal tomb in the Old Kingdom. Some of the titles of Kairsu show that he was a high ranking official. Kairsu was overseer of all royal works of the king and foremost of the House of Life. There was a very close link established between this institution, which was in fact a centre of knowledge and wisdom in the Old Kingdom, and the god of creation Khnum. It is also important that the House of Life appears from the reign of Nyuserre when Osiris is attested for the first time. Another important feature of the tomb is the fact that the statue of the tomb owner was placed in front of the sarcophagus. This only confirms the previous assumption that ancient Egyptians were placing statues not only in different areas of tombs’ superstructures but also in the burial chambers. There is a strong possibility that the owner of the tomb may be identical to the famous sage of Egyptian history, who, according to a much later tradition, was author of the Loyalist teaching, Teaching for Kagemni and Teaching of Kairsu and also father of the early Sixth Dynasty vizier Kagemni.