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EN
On the one hand, in Polish ethnomusicology, phonography is perceived as a perfect means for documenting traditional music and its performances; on the other hand, it is criticised for popularising foreign patterns and causing undesirable changes in traditional musical cultures. Both points of view are dominated by the perspective of a researcher. This article approaches phonography from the vantage point of traditional musical culture participants in Poland based on opinions collected as part of field studies dedicated to other issues. The era of recording the real sounds was preceded by the stage of coding the intended sounds derived from foreign patterns, which undoubtedly made contemporary researchers ill-disposed to this type of devices. Five decades ago, Jadwiga Sobieska adopted such an approach to radio and radiophonisation, gramophone records and soundcards (audio recordings on postcards), and reel-to-reel tapes and compact cassettes. As a result, this discussion also focuses on these three media (carrier) types. While aware that this review does not exhaust the topic, the author proposes a perspective that is closer to the studied participants of culture, recognising other values and research problems that could serve as the starting point for further and more advanced research to ensure a more complete coverage of the analysed aspects of reality.
PL
The author of the article focuses on the problem of the grammar parser from the point of view of psycholinguistics. Perceptual-syntactic strategies are the subject of this work. The author tries to prove that the theory of perceptual speech comprehension strategies does not describe the processing of more difficult sentences. This theory is insufficient as a model of a grammar parser.
PL
The author of the article tackles the problem of human language grammar from the point of view of several scientific disciplines: theoretical and mathematical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. The subject of the work is a grammar parser, and, especially, the limitations imposed on its structure and function by such factors as: the brain and the mind, the computer and the programme.
EN
The mainstream fields of Polish dance research were defined in 1818–1847 by Józef Elsner, Kazimierz Brodziński, Łukasz Gołębiowski and Karol Czerniawski, who broadly characterized some elements of the dances considered as national (the polonaise, mazur, krakowiak and kozak). Oskar Kolberg knew very well the works of all these authors and referred to them many times. However, he was unique in his extensive documentation of dance melodies, information about their geographic origin, and local terminology. He also characterized the dances with regard to their sequence in the traditional context and described the dance technique in an instructive manner. Oskar Kolberg’s documentation for quite a long time remained outside the scope of mainstream research and publications about dance in Poland. In the 1930s Polish representatives of the newly defined field of ethnochoreology were the first to include examples from Kolberg in their works on the ritual dances, regional dances and characteristic dance behaviour types and forms. Kolberg’s works increased in popularity after the World War II. Today the materials left by Oskar Kolberg allow us to establish to a large extent the geographic range and perspective on the changes of dance repertoire, both with regard to choreographic technique and dance types, or a more detailed and critical perspective on the problems of folk terminology in dance phenomena. It may also serve as the point of departure for wider retrospective or comparative studies – which may not be very fashionable today, but which have never been adequately conducted in Poland.
PL
The author of the article tackles the problem of human language grammar from the point of view of several scientific disciplines: theoretical and mathematical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. The subject of the work is a grammar parser, and, especially, the limitations imposed on its structure and function by such factors as: the brain and the mind, the computer and the programme.
PL
The author of the article focuses on the problem of the grammar parser from the point of view of psycholinguistics. Perceptual-syntactic strategies are the subject of this work. The author tries to prove that the theory of perceptual speech comprehension strategies does not describe the processing of more difficult sentences. This theory is insufficient as a model of a grammar parser.
RU
Данная статья является частью цикла публикаций, посвященных проблеме различных аспектов коммуникации. В статье обсуждаются биологические и семиотические измерения феноменов коммуникативных явлений. Целью работы является, между прочим, биосемиотическое переосмысление нескольких ключевых терминов классической теории информации и коммуникации. Автора, в частности, особенно интересуют отношения между «коммуникацией сложности» и «сложностью коммуникации», наблюдаемые в различных способах общения между людьми и (другими) животными. В статье выдвигается тезис, согласно которому биокоммуникационные способности и навыки человека и животных отделены друг от друга расстоянием: как количественным, так и качественным. Автор статьи стремится выявить биологические основы семиотических явлений (в следующих измерениях: прагматическом, семантическом, синтаксическом и диакритическом). В связи с этим в работе глубокому анализу подвергаются избранные структурно-функциональным аспекты феномена биокоммуникации.
EN
Tomasz Nowak’s article is part of a series of publications that deal with the problem of various aspects of communication. Here he focuses on the biological and semiotic dimensions of communication phenomena. His purpose is, inter alia, to give a biosemiotic reinterpretation of several key terms of classical information and communication theory. In particular, he is interested in the relationship between „communication of complication” and „complication of communication” as observed in different manifestations of communication between people and (other) animals. Nowak argues the biocommunication skills of human and non-human animals are separated by distance, both quantitative and qualitative.
PL
W artykule poruszającym problem różnych obliczy komunikacji wyeksponowano biologiczne i semiotyczne wymiary zjawisk komunikacyjnych. Za cel obrano, między innymi, biosemiotyczną reinterpretację kilku kluczowych terminów klasycznej teorii informacji i komunikacji, w szczególności relacji między komunikacją komplikacji i komplikacją komunikacji, jakie obserwuje się w odmiennych sposobach porozumiewania się ludzi i (innych) zwierząt. Sformułowano tezę, zgodnie z którą zdolności i umiejętności biokomunikacyjne zwierząt ludzkich i nie-ludzkich dzieli dystans zarazem ilościowy i jakościowy. Celem artykułu jest odsłonięcie biologicznych podstaw semiotycznych zjawisk (w wymiarach: pragmatycznym, semantycznym, syntaktycznym i diakrytycznym). W związku z tym w pracy wiwisekcji zostają poddane wybrane strukturalne i funkcjonalne aspekty fenomenu biokomunikacji.
EN
The article aims at presenting the description of the category of ‘animal’ in the human brain, mind and language. The article reports the results of linguistic, psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research.
EN
The aim of the article is to explore how the Polish Constitution affects lawmaking of the personal income tax (PIT). The main focus is put on the introduction of the material structure of PIT. The first section examines whether the Constitution imposes restrictions on the legislator in this regard. Next, the author states that the provisions of the Constitution on freedoms and rights of persons and citizens should set the direction for the legislator how to distribute the burden of PIT. These are, in particular, the provisions which protect the good of the family. Equality before the law is also important. The author argues that these values should be taken into account when establishing tax reliefs in PIT.
Polonica
|
2016
|
tom 36
111-144
EN
This paper aims to presenting the development of modern neurolinguistics research. The author reflects on the linguistic interpretation of the results of the neurolinguistics experiments. At the end the author put an catalog of the correlations between language functions and neural networks and extensive bibliography, containing last publications in the field of neurolinguistics.
RU
Основная проблема, которую автор обсуждает в этой статье, – это границы языка и речи, очерченные совместно социально-гуманитарными науками, математикой и естественными науками, особенно – слиянием семиотики и биологии, то есть биосемиотики. В работе формулируется тезис, согласно которому биокоммуникационные способности и навыки человеческих существ и животных находятся на некотором расстоянии друг от друга: как количественно, так и качественно, где филогенетические (пре)адаптации и онтогенетические (пред) расположенности человеческих существ и животных, с одной стороны, коммуникативно – незаметны, с другой стороны, когнитивно и поведенчески – постоянны. Результаты эмпирических исследований позволяют предположить, что существуют специфические особенности человеческой биокоммуникации.
PL
Głównym problemem, który poruszam w niniejszym artykule, są granice języka i mowy, wytyczane wspólnie przez nauki społeczno-humanistyczne i matematyczno-przyrodnicze, zwłaszcza – fuzję semiotyki i biologii, czyli biosemiotyki. W tekście formułuję tezę, zgodnie z którą zdolności i umiejętności biokomunikacyjne zwierząt ludzkich i nie-ludzkich dzieli dystans: zarazem ilościowy i jakościowy, przy czym: (pre)adaptacje filogenetyczne i (pre)dyspozycje ontogenetyczne zwierząt ludzkich i nie-ludzkich są z jednej strony komunikacyjnie – dyskretne, z drugiej strony kognitywnie i behawioralnie – kontynualne. Wyniki badań empirycznych, które przytoczyłem i skomentowałem, pozwalają sądzić, że istnieją cechy biokomunikacyjne swoiście ludzkie.
EN
The main problem that Tomasz Nowak discusses in this article concerns the boundaries of language and speech as set by both social sciences and the humanities and mathematics and natural sciences. His special focus is the fusion of semiotics and biology known as biosemiotics. Nowak argues that bio-communicative skills of human and non-human animals are divided by a gap which is both quantitative and qualitative. However, phylogenetic pre-adaptations and (pre)ontogenetic dispositions of human and non-human animals are, on the one hand, communicatively discreet, and, on the other, cognitively and behaviorally continual. The results of empirical studies cited and examined by Nowak support the idea that there are bio-communicative traits specific to humans.
EN
This article is devoted to the changes in the musical practice of Rzeszowiak (south-eastern Poland) bands, analysed from the perspective of Marcia Herndon’s concept of the potential of change. The basic concepts are process, potential, and an internal dynamic equilibrium. The factors determining this equilibrium are cognition, time/motion, patterned sound and context/performance. The research material consists of interviews conducted by associates of the Museum of Folk Culture in Kolbuszowa in 2014-2016 in the Rzeszów region.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony przemianom praktyki muzycznej kapel Rzeszowiaków, analizowanym z perspektywy koncepcji potencjału zmiany Marcii Herndon. Podstawowymi pojęciami w tej koncepcji są proces, potencjał zmiany i wewnętrznie dynamiczna równowaga. Czynnikami warunkującymi równowagę są wiedza muzyczna, działania w czasie, struktura dźwiękowa i kontekst wykonania. Materiał badawczy stanowią wywiady przeprowadzone przez współpracowników Muzeum Kultury Ludowej w Kolbuszowej w latach 2014-2016 w regionie Rzeszowskim.
PL
This paper aims at presenting the evolution of neurolinguistic models and provides their review and summary. The author presents the traditional and modern models and reflects on the linguistic interpretation of the results of neurological experiments.Key words: neurolinguistics, processing model, language function, neural network
PL
This paper aims at presenting the development of modern neurolinguistic research by providing its review and summary. At the end, the author includes a catalog of correlations betweenlanguage functions and neural networks as well as an extensive bibliography, containing selected publications in the field of neurolinguistics.Key words: neurolinguistics, experiment, language function, neural network
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EN
The term used in the title has not, so far, provoked a more extensive linguistic reflection. The present paper aims to provide a disciplined description of lexical units which contain the segment oszaleć, with respect to their structure and meaning. The method of analysis is based on putting forward hypotheses formulated as analytic implications, and then subjecting them to falsification by reduction to contradiction. The paper focuses on issues pertaining to the reconstruction of the form of lexical units (based on segmental and supra-segmental signals) and to the reconstruction of the hierarchy of meaningful components. In close relationship with the content of the analysed terms, a discussion of the following notions is presented: ‘someone’, ‘to become’, ‘to behave’, ‘to know’ and ‘to be ready to say’. The author attempts to prove that these components belong to the semantic structure of the examined phrase, and proposes a preliminary explication of meanings in the terms of a natural semantic meta-language.
EN
This paper investigates the effects of legal solutions introduced to the VAT system in Poland in 2015–2019 to prevent VAT fraud, primarily carousel fraud, which caused the so-called tax gap. The article begins with chronological presentation of these solutions. In the second part the author formulates the criteria of certainty of business transactions in relation to VAT and on this basis he analyses the presented solutions. Next, he considers the costs incurred by the VAT payer to meet the obligations or requirements established by the introduced regulations. In the final section the effectiveness of the introduced solutions from the point of view of the state budget revenues from VAT is assessed.
EN
Poland’s tax system has a large number of tax burdens and a complicated structure of individual taxes. This directly affects the decisions made by business entities, which take different attitudes in response to high taxation of their income. One of the reactions of enterprises to taxation may be the use of tax planning. The aim of the article is to present one of the ways of legal international tax planning, which enables minimizing the taxation of entrepreneurs’ income through the use of appropriate structures of legal regulations and legal forms of conducted business activity. The article also draws attention to the process of adapting the created constructions to the changing tax regulations.
PL
System podatkowy w Polsce cechuje się dużą liczbą obciążeń podatkowych oraz skomplikowaną konstrukcją poszczególnych podatków. Wpływa to bezpośrednio na decyzje podmiotów gospodarczych, które przyjmują różne postawy w odpowiedzi na wysokie opodatkowanie ich dochodów. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie jednego ze sposobów legalnego międzynarodowego planowania podatkowego umożliwiającego minimalizację opodatkowania dochodów przedsiębiorców dzięki wykorzystaniu odpowiednich regulacji prawnych oraz form organizacyjno-prawnych prowadzonej działalności gospodarczej. W artykule zwrócono również uwagę na proces dostosowywania struktur do zmieniających się przepisów podatkowych.
EN
The article is a case study of a chimpanzee bonobo – Kanzi. The author of the paper aims at providing a comparison of formal (mathematical) and empirical (linguistic, psychological, biological) results of research on the grammar of human and non‑human language or codes. The content of the paper focuses on the issues relating to the power of grammatical combinations. The author seeks to answer the question: What differentiates human and animal communication?
EN
Traditional music does not currently operate in its original context. It is cultivated in a completely new environment by new institutions (ensembles, cultural centres, societies, foundations) and social agents (such as: singers, musicians, organizers of cultural activities, jurors, enthusiasts of traditional music, political patrons). This new context transformed the musical shape of individual phenomena as well. The media serving as intermediaries (i.e. transcripts, songbooks, records, cassettes, CDs, radio, internet) contributed to this process. The changes have also been caused by the operation of ensembles themselves and by the form of festivals, particularly competitions. The author believes that in view of this situation, it is necessary to change the research paradigm and shift the emphasis from studying the repertoire to studying institutions, festivals, forms of expression and media. It is also important to analyse musical phenomena popularization in other regions, displacements and appropriations. Redefining the field in this manner may significantly contribute to the revival and broadening of field studies in Poland.
EN
The contents of the article focuses on the problem of building resilience, which is a key element of state security. It is the basis of deterrence and defense, and therefore allows you to effectively counter threats. The aim of the article was to identify the current and future hybrid threats created by Russia and Belarus, as well as to present guidance and recommendations for Poland in the field of strengthening resilience to these threats. In view of the changes in the security architecture in Poland’s neighborhood resulting from Russia’s neo-imperial policy and Belarus, which is under its influence, the issues raised constitute an added value. In the research process, general methods of scientific cognition were used, which were based mainly on the analysis and criticism of literature, inference and own assessment of facts.
PL
Treści artykułu koncentrują się wokół problemu budowy odporności, która jest istotnym elementem bezpieczeństwa państwa. Stanowi fundament odstraszania i obrony, przez co pozwala na skuteczne przeciwstawienie się zagrożeniom. Celem artykułu była identyfikacja obecnych i przyszłych zagrożeń hybrydowych kreowanych przez Rosję i Białoruś, a także przedstawienie zaleceń i rekomendacji dla Polski w zakresie wzmacniania odporności na te zagrożenia. W świetle zmiany architektury bezpieczeństwa w sąsiedztwie Polski wynikającej z neoimperialnej polityki Rosji i będącej pod jej wpływem Białorusi, podjęta problematyka stanowi wartość dodaną. W procesie badawczym zastosowano ogólne metody poznania naukowego, które opierały się głównie na analizie i krytyce literatury, wnioskowaniu i własnej ocenie faktów.
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