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1

Characterization of Post-Mining Soil and Solid Waste from Silica Sand Purification

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Susianti B. , Warmadewanthi I. , Tangahu B. V.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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tom Vol. 23, nr 8

277--289

EN

Post-mining soil and solid waste from the silica sand refining industry is widespread and the potential long-term impact of toxic metals and metalloids is a significant and under-appreciated issue. This study presents the characteristics of post-mining soil and solid waste resulting from silica sand purification to observe its physical, chemical, and biological composition. Analysis of the physical properties was carried out with reference to ASTM 112-10 and the results show that post-mining soil contains 36.95% sand, 18.80% clay, and 42.74% silt, with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 0.69×10-6 cm•s-1 and 35.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, the solid waste contains 43.35% sand, 35.96% clay, and 20.68% silt with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 1.49×10-6 cm•s-1 and 51.12%. The overall mineralogy and morphology of both samples showed that they have the same chemical composition as gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), spinel (MgAl2O4), akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), monticellite (CaMgSiO4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3) supports this data. The chemical composition of both samples is SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO, but the post-mining soil has lower heavy metal and nutrient contents compared to solid waste. Meanwhile, solid waste has a high content of heavy metals and nutrients due to washing and bonding from the silica sand purification process. The abundance of bacteria (Colony Forming Unit) for the 10-4 and 10-5 dilutions in post-mining soil was 1.59×103and not detected, while in the solid waste, 4.10×105 and 1.64×105 were found, respectively. This study can be used as base values for modifying the two samples, which can be applied in mining land reclamation.

2

Performance of Reactive Nitrogen in Leachate Treatment in Constructed Wetlands

100%

Arliyani I. , Tangahu B. V. , Mangkoedihardjo S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 5

205--213

EN

Reactive Nitrogen (Nr) is produced from natural and human activity, the use of fuel, the activities of industry, and agriculture. The Nr from agriculture is used to produce food crops, but excess Nr has an impact on the surrounding land. Landfills also generate Nr from the decomposition of waste which then releases the leachate containing Nr. This study aimed to determine the value of Nr generated by landfills, the effect of Nr on the environment, and the performance of Nr when used in Constructed Wetlands (CW). Review papers were collected from several studies and publications. Nr commonly found in leachate landfills include: NH4, NH3, NO2, and NO3. The Nr present in landfill leachate at CW can be used for proper plant development and growth, which significantly increases and enhances its quality and yield by playing an important role in the biochemical and physiological functions of plants. In addition, the content of hazardous substances in landfill leachate can also be processed using CW. This review paper discusses the effects of Nr from human activities ending up in landfills. The landfill leachate with Nr content can be used in CW for plant growth.

3

Plant Diversity in a Constructed Wetland for Pollutant Parameter Processing on Leachate: A Review

100%

Arliyani I. , Tangahu B. V. , Mangkoedihardjo S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 4

240--255

EN

The leachate from landfill constitutes high pollutant. The high pollutant content impacts the public and ecosystem health surrounding the landfill site. Therefore, it is essential to process the leachate first before its disposal to water body. Landfill leachate processing can be carried out using three processes, i.e., physical-chemical, biological, and a combination of those. A constructed wetland is currently considered as an environmentally friendly technology to tackle water pollution and leachate. Another advantage of a constructed wetland is the low operational cost and natural maintenance, so it can be a solution related to the cost, technical, and operating system problems of conventional processing. This article aimed to discover the characteristic differences of landfill leachate, constructed wetland installation position, and types of plants used in the constructed wetland. This article was written using the literature reviews from experimental studies on water processing with the same parameter for leachate and leachate processing. The literature review result shows that landfill leachate processing depends on different leachate characteristics. The toxic quality of landfill leachate was found through a toxicity test. Leachate treated by the physical-chemical process contains toxic and non-biodegradable organic substances. Hence, the physical-chemical methods should be applied at the beginning of the process and coupled with the biological method at the end of the process to improve the treatment quality. A constructed wetland with diverse plants was found to be more effective in biomass distribution, less prone to seasonal variations, and had a more diverse microbe population than the constructed wetland with a single plant.

4

Deconcentration of Chromium Contained in Wastewater Using a Bacteria and Microalgae Consortia with a High Rate Algal Reactor System

100%

Tangahu B. V. , Berlianto M. , Kartika A. A. G.

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 8

272--284

EN

Heavy metal pollution has recently gained serious attention as an environmental issue. One example of heavy metal pollution in the natural water environment is chromium metal, which is released by several industries. Polyvalent chromium 6 is one of the most difficult environmental pollutants to remove due to its dissolvable and unstable properties. Bioremediation using a consortium of bacteria and microalgae in a High Rate Algal Reactor (HRAR) system can be expected to decrease the chromium concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of chromium removal by a bacteria and microalgae consortium and to determine the best ratio between these two kinds of microorganism in the context of pollutant reduction. The wastewater containing chromium that was used in this study was artificial wastewater with a chromium concentration of 17 mg/L. The species of microalgae and bacteria were Chlorella vulgaris and Azotobacter S8. The chromium concentration used in the main experiment was determined through a preliminary Range Finding Test (RFT) for the microalgae and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the bacteria. The chromium concentrations in RFT and MIC were 0, 17, 42, 85, 169 and 339 mg/L and the variables in the main study were the respective Azotobacter S8 and Chlorella vulgaris compositions (50:50, 75:25, 25:75 %v/v). This, in addition to the variation in the consortium composition, was compared to the polluted media in the reactor (5:95 and 10:90 %v/v). Such parameters as pH, temperature, total chromium concentration, microalgae cell count, and bacterial colonies were monitored during the experiments. The chromium deconcentration study was conducted over 7 (seven) days in a High Rate Algal Reactor (HRAR) with the microorganism inoculation conducted in the determined composition of artificial wastewater. The reactor was stirred for 24 hours per day and illuminated using artificial light at an intensity of 6000 – 7000 lux. The deconcentration of chromium was analyzed using an Atomic Adsrober Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest chromium removal was reached in the reactor where the ratio of microorganisms and bacteria was 50%:50%, the initial inoculum of polluted media was 5%: 95% and there was a chromium removal rate of 18.68%. The consortium of Azotobacter S8 bacteria and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae can thus reduce the chromium concentration through the mechanisms of biosorption, bioaugmentation, and bioaccumulation.

5

Study of BOD and COD Removal in Batik Wastewater using Scirpus grossus and Iris pseudacorus with Intermittent Exposure System

100%

Tangahu B. V. , Ningsih D. A. , Kurniawan S. B. , Imron M. F.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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tom Vol. 20, nr 5

130--134

EN

Batik is one of ethnical cultures of Indonesia. The batik production has spread throughout Indonesia. One of the batik industry areas is located in Jetis, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. This industry has been operating for approximately 350 years without processing its wastewater. The batik wastewater contains several toxic compounds such as high BOD, COD and color pigment. These compounds can be harmful for the environment if discharged directly to water bodies. Phyto-treatment might be a solution to overcome this problem. The use of Scirpus grossus and Iris pseudacorus with variations of waste irrigation system using the intermittent method showed a COD removal up to 89% and BOD removal up to 97%. Mixed culture of S. grossus and I. pseudacorus showed a better removal than its single culture. The highest removal of BOD and COD was obtained in reactor with mixed culture plants under Flood/Drain ratio of 2:1.

6

Shallow Groundwater Pollution Index Around the Location of Griyo Mulyo Landfill (Jabon Landfill) in Jabon District, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, Indonesia

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Tangahu B. V. , Kartika A. A. G. , Sambodho K. , Marendra S. M. P. , Arliyani I.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 3

199--210

EN

The leachate coming from the landfill is a serious problem. This is because the leachate water can contaminate the wells of the residents around the landfill. This research was conducted at Jabon Landfill located in Jabon District of Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Jabon Landfill has been operating since 2003 with a controlled landfill system that has triggered environmental risks due to the leachate output. The purpose of this study was to determine the classification of the shallow groundwater quality status based on the pollution index (PI) around Jabon Landfill at a distance of around 250 meters, 500 meters and 1,000 meters from the landfill. The pollution index was determined by analyzing the pollutant concentration consisting of these following parameters: pH, BOD, COD and Fe. The results of the analysis show that the pH parameter had a higher value than the pH at Jabon Landfill of 7.2–7.5. The pH at Jabon Landfill was 6.35. The Fe parameter shows that the value of 1.694 in the groundwater well closest to Jabon Landfill and the wells further away indicates that the Fe concentration was lower for the latter, namely 0.081 at a distance of up to 200 meters. On the basis of the Pollution Index, the highest value was 5.45 at Well 7 is located 196 m from Jabon Landfill. Meanwhile, the well furthest from Jabon Landfill at a distance of 1,000 m showed a lightly polluted status with a Pollution Index of 1.91. The further the location of the well away from Jabon Landfill, the Pollution Index value tended to decrease. This means that the pollution status generally improves. Overall, the pollution status of the 18 wells shows that 2 wells are moderately polluted, 15 wells are lightly polluted and 1 well is in good condition.