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Kannabinoidy w sporcie zawodowym i amatorskim, w aspekcie wpływu na organizm i wyniki sportowców

100%

Jędrejko K. , Muszyńska B.

Polish Journal of Sports Medicine

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2019

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tom 35(3)

127-139

EN

Due to pop culture and mass media, there is a growing increase in public acceptance of cannabinoids. Legalization of cannabis in some countries and the introduction of medical cannabis, among others in Australia, Canada, Poland, the Netherlands and individual US states, as well as the liberal attitude of the authorities in the Czech Republic, Great Britain, France and Spain, allow relatively free access to popular preparations from cannabis - marijuana and hashish. In most countries, cannabis preparations containing THC are on the list of narcotic drugs, their possession or distribution is subject to criminal penalties. An additional aspect is medical cannabis, which are registered as therapeutic agents - they engage in pharmacotherapy, the issue of doping in professional sports. Cannabis easily entered the world of professional and amateur sport. Ergolytic and miorelaxing effect of THC, which can reduce exercise capacity, is considered by many athletes to relieve psychosomatic symptoms - anxiety, stress, insomnia, pain, spastic muscle states. THC can support broadly understood regeneration of the body after training or competition. In addition to cannabis preparations containing THC, there is a large increase in interest in hemp providing cannabidiol - CBD, which does not show euphoric effects. From this infamous side, it should be mentioned that doping controls and forensic data report an increase in the use of synthetic cannabimimetics, whose effects on the human body are much more dangerous to health and life than natural cannabis preparations. This review has focused on the problem of cannabinoids in professional and amateur sport and their impact on the athlete's body, both before, during and after physical exertion. Attention was paid to the form of application of cannabis preparations, i.e. smoking or new methods of taking cannabis. The article refers not only to commonly known cannabis preparations, i.e. marijuana and hashish, but also to new, synthetic, designed cannabimimetics, often difficult to detect analytically. In addition to the issue of cannabinoids as doping, the article below presents the topic of hemp and CBD, which are currently a trend on the dietary supplement market in the EU and the US. CBD among athletes seems to be legal and not recognized as doping, an alternative to THC in the area of analgesic activity, stress control, regulation of nervous tension and anxiety.

PL

Za sprawą popkultury i środków masowego przekazu, obserwuje się postępujący wzrost akceptacji społeczeństwa dla kannabinoidów. Legalizacja kanabisu w niektórych państwach oraz wprowadzenie konopi medycznych m.in.: w Australii, Kanadzie, Polsce, Holandii oraz w poszczególnych stanach USA, jak również liberalne stosunek władz w Czech, Wielkiej Brytanii, Francji i Hiszpanii, umożliwiają względnie swobodny dostęp do popularnych przetworów z konopi - marihuany i haszyszu. W większości państw przetwory z konopi zawierające THC figurują na liście środków odurzających, ich posiadanie lub dystrybucja podlega sankcjom karnym. Dodatkowy aspekt to konopie medyczne, będące zarejestrowane jako środki lecznicze - angażują w farmakoterapie, kwestię dopingu w sporcie zawodowym. Kanabis z łatwością wkroczył do świata sportu zawodowego i amatorskiego. Ergolityczny i miorelaksacyjny efekt THC, który może obniżać zdolności wysiłkowe, przez wielu sportowców jest uznawany za środek łagodzący dolegliwości psychosomatyczne - lęk, stres, bezsenność, ból, stany spastyczne mięśni. THC może wspierać szeroko pojętą regenerację organizmu po treningu lub zawodach. Oprócz przetworów z konopi zawierających THC, odnotowuje się duży wzrost zainteresowania konopiami włóknistymi dostarczającymi kannabidiolu - CBD, który nie wykazuje działania euforyzującego. Z tej niechlubnej strony należy wspomnieć, że kontrole antydopingowe i dane kryminalistyczne odnotowują wzrost użycia syntetycznych kannabinomimetyków, których efekty oddziaływania na organizm człowieka są znacznie groźniejsze dla zdrowia i życia, niż naturalne przetwory z konopi. W prezentowanej pracy przeglądowej skupiono się na problemie kannabinoidów w sporcie zawodowym i amatorskim oraz ich wpływie na organizm sportowca, zarówno przed-, w trakcie- i po wysiłku fizycznym. Zwrócono uwagę na formę aplikacji przetworów z konopi tj. palenie lub nowe metody przyjmowania kanabisu. W artykule przywołano nie tylko powszechnie znane przetwory z konopi tj. marihuanę i haszysz, także nowe, syntetyczne, projektowane kannabinomimetyki, często trudne do detekcji analitycznej. Obok zagadnienia kannabinoidów jako dopingu, w poniższym artykule przybliżono tematykę konopi włóknistych i CBD, będących obecnie trendem na rynku suplementów diety w UE i USA. CBD wśród sportowców zdaje się być legalną i nie uznaną za doping, alternatywą dla THC w obszarze aktywności analgetycznej, kontroli stresu, regulacji napięcia nerwowego i lęku.

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Selenium – meaning in the prevention and therapy of cancer diseases

100%

Molenda A. , Muszyńska B.

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nr 109

272-279

EN

Selenium is a trace element supplied to the human body with food of plant and animal origin. It is a component of many enzymes with antioxidant activity, such as: glutathione peroxidase, seleniumprotein P, thioredoxin reductase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Being a component of enzymes, it protects cells against deformation and genetic damage thanks to the properties that inhibit the processes of lipid peroxidation, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). The human body contains about 10-15 mg of selenium, 60% of which is found in erythrocytes, and 40% in blood. The problem of Poland and neighboring countries is the lack of this element in the soil, and therefore in the organisms of herbivorous farm animals. The lack of selenium in the meat of these animals causes significant deficiencies in the human body. In addition, due to the lack of this element in the soil, vegetables and preparations obtained from it do not constitute a suitable dietary source and intensify the problem of deficiency of this element in Europeans. Many studies indicate that both organic and inorganic selenium compounds reduce the progression of cancer by reducing the migration of cancer cells, inhibiting angiogenesis, and consequently reduce metastases.

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Wood decay mushrooms of the genus ganoderma as a source of biologically active triterpenes

80%

Sułkowska-Ziaja K. , Piechaczek M. , Pacławska A. , Muszyńska B.

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nr 109

237-245

EN

Species of the genus Ganoderma are an example of some of the most thoroughly studied representatives of Basidiomycota both in terms of chemical composition and biological activity. Among the compounds found in this kind, the therapeutic effect is primarily associated with the polysaccharides that are heteroglycans or β-D-glucans and terpenoids represented mainly by triterpenes. Triterpene compounds have a structure composed of 30 carbon atoms, usually forming a system of five six-membered rings. Characteristic of these structures are functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl or ketone) and double bonds. Mycochemical studies have led to the isolation of numerous triterpenes of the lanostane type (ganoderic acids, aldehydes, alcohols, esters), lucidenic acids and others from various species of the Ganoderma genus. The broad spectrum of biological activity determined by triterpene compounds includes anti- tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antiviral effects. This work describes biologically active triterpenes in selected species of the genus Ganoderma: Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma colossum and others. These species are sources of natural compounds valued for thousands of years in the traditional medicine of the Far East, while ongoing research has confirmed their medicinal properties nowadays.

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Anti-inflammatory activities of garlic sprouts, a source of α-linolenic acid and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, in RAW 264.7 cells

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Gdula-Argasińska J. , Paśko P. , Sułkowska-Ziaja K. , Kała K. , Muszyńska B.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2017

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tom 64

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nr 3

551-559

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyze the indolic, phenolic, and fatty acid content and antioxidant activity of garlic sprouts growing in the dark and in the daylight. The pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of the garlic sprout extract were investigated by evaluating the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES), glutathione S transferase (GSTM1), nuclear factor NF-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein levels in the RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The highest amount of total indolic (73.56 mg/100 g f.w.) and phenolic compounds (36.23 mg/100 g f.w.) was detected in garlic sprouts grown in the daylight. Studies on antioxidant activity (the FRAP and DPPH method) of garlic sprouts showed that this activity is significantly higher for sprouts grown in full access to light when compared to those grown in the dark. In garlic sprout extracts, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was found to be in greater amount. COX-2 and cPGES level was lower when compared to LPS alone activated cells. After garlic extract treatment, higher level of GSTM1, PPARΥ, cytosolic p50 and p65 protein, as well as a lower NF-ĸB p50/p65 activity was noted in the RAW 264.7 cells which suggested PPARs and AhR transrepression mechanism of NF-ĸB signalling. The obtained results indicate Allium sativum sprouts are a rich source of n-3 fatty acids, indolic and phenolic compounds characterized by anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, which may support their high therapeutic and dietary potential.

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EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF BACOPA MONNIERI BIOMASS AND PREPARATIONS

70%

Muszyńska B. , krakowska A. , Lazur J. , Szewczyk A. , Opoka W.

Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research

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2018

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tom 75

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nr 6

1353-1361

EN

Bacopa monnieri (Scrophulariaceae) is a well-known plant and has been used by humans for several thousand years. In traditional Hindu medicine, it is one of the most important medicinal plants. The aim of the work was to determine the content of Fe, Mg, and Zn and selected organic compounds before and after extraction into the artificial digestive juices obtained from preparations containing B. monnieri. Commercial preparations in the form of tablets and capsules and B. monnieri shoot cultures were used in the experiment. The metal content in the considered mineralized samples was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and organic compounds by RP-HPLC method. The maximum measured content of the metals released into the digestive juices was as follows: Fe – 32.85; Mg – 367.51; and Zn – 16.41 mg/100 g of the preparation. The existing research shows that metals are best released into the artificial digestive juices from the B. monnieri shoot cultures, and least efficiently from the commercial preparations available in the form of tablets. The phenolic compounds analyzed in the methanol extracts and the extracts of the artificial digestive juices were as follows: protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, cynaroside, trifolin, and luteolin. Bacoside A was only determined in the extracts from the B. monnieri shoot cultures. The experimental results revealed that B. monnieri distributed in the form of tablets did not break down in the artificial digestive juices during the considered time intervals.

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Metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) regulates zinc dependent cellular processes at the molecular level

61%

Grzywacz A. , Gdula-Argasińska J. , Muszyńska B. , Tyszka-Czochara M. , Librowski T. , Opoka W.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2015

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tom 62

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nr 3

491-498

EN

Metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) is a zinc dependent transcription factor which is involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. MTF-1 regulates the expression of two streams of genes functioning in metal homeostasis and anti-oxidative response. MTF-1 acts in the process of binding of toxic metal ions in the cell, due to the activation of the expression of metallothioneins (MTs). Additionally, MTF-1 regulates transcription of genes involved in the sequestration of zinc and its intracellular transport. Disruption of zinc and MT homeostasis has an indispensable influence on the development of several pathological states. Moreover, by increasing MT activity, MTF-1 can effectively protect cells from oxidative and hypoxic stresses. The mechanism of MTF-1 action in cells includes the regulation of the proper immune response through activation/repression of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. MTF-1 function in immune response is related to nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. Synthesis of insulin is also related to the activity of this transcription factor and zinc balance. Insulin transport also depends on zinc. In pancreatic β-cells, several types of the zinc transporters are found. Zinc transporters coordinated action is crucial for the synthesis and secretion of insulin. Disturbances in the regulation of signaling pathways connected with MTF-1 function can entail further alterations in zinc intracellular status and this growing imbalance can promote the pathophysiology of degenerative disorders.

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RELEASE OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM FORMULATIONS CONTAINING ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS)

51%

Muszyńska B. , Lazur J. , Jękot B. , Krakowska A. , Szewczyk A. , Sułkowska-Ziaja K. , Zimmer Ł. , Poleszak E. , Opoka W.

Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research

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2018

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tom 75

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nr 5

1187-1199

EN

Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) is a well-known microalga and has been utilized as a medicinal agent and foodstuff by humans since at least 16th century. The aim of this study was to determine zinc content as well as determine phenolic and indole compounds from commercial preparations containing Arthrospira platensis (lyophilizate, tablets, and capsules) before and after extraction with methanol and incubation with artificial digestive juices. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of these preparations. The samples were incubated in artificial stomach juice and in intestinal juice. The samples were mineralized and their zinc(II) ions content was estimated using flame absorption atomic spectroscopy (F-AAS). The maximum zinc(II) ions content released into the digestive juices was found to be up to 1.6 mg 100 g-1 of the preparation. Phenolic compounds identified in the examined extracts are as follows: gallic acid; protocatechuic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; syringe acid; cinnamic acid; and quercetin. Furthermore, indole compounds identified were 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 5-methyl-L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, tryptamine, and 5-methyltryptamine. Consequently, it was also found that the distributed Arthrospira platensis in the form of tablets does not disintegrate in the artificial digestive juices. Among the examined preparations, only hard capsules met the requirements of the European Pharmacopeia 8th ed.