Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ślad cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Chełstach nad Narwią

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Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2014

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tom LXV

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nr 65

251-263

EN

The Iron Age Department of the State Archaeological Museum has in its keeping a small carton of a few dozen pottery fragments, provenanced until recently to the locality “Chełchy” (earlier: Chełsty), on the Narew River near Różan. Among the sherds were found two early (old?) handwritten labels (Fig. 1b): an apparently older one, written by S. Krukowski on 25 May 1925, with the placename “Chełsty”, near Różan in Ostrołęka County, and some details: “sand dune, to the south-east of the village”. The other, later, label by an unknown author, records the name of the locality incorrectly as “Chełchy”. This label was the cause of subsequent problems in locating the site. The placename provided by the earlier of these two labels agrees both with the geographical and topographical situation of the area around the village Chełsty on the Narew River. The pottery assemblage comprises fragments belonging to at least eleven vessels which have analogy to the funeral pottery of the Przeworsk Culture known from phases B1 and B2 of the Early Roman Period (Fig. 2 & 3). Vessels of a similar form and decoration were recorded in cemeteries in Mazovia e.g., at Kamieńczyk, Wyszków County, at Nadkole, Węgrów County, and at Oblin, Garwolin County (Fig. 4 & 5). The presence of some fragments of heavily burnt and distorted vessels (Fig. 6) lend additional support to the interpretation of the pottery collection from Chełsty as finds from a Przeworsk Culture cemetery. During an inspection made in the area around Chełsty in 2015 an oral information was obtained from one of the oldest inhabitants of the village that, some decades earlier the local people used to see some dug up “crocks with ashes” in a wood near the village. This however, had been quite a long time back and the narrator had never seen the urns. The spot indicated by the village inhabitants lies on a relic of a sand dune overgrown with a coniferous forest. In its central area there is a large and deep hollow, the remains of trenches which had destroyed almost the entire surface of the dune (Fig. 8 & 9). The damage presumably was caused by military activity during World War II. The pottery assemblage now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw is at present the only piece of information about a cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture, presumably small and dating to the Early Roman Period, situated on an elevation near to the now defunct river channel of the Narew and the village of Chełsty, commune Różan, in Maków Mazowiecki County (Fig. 7).

2

Teren, wspólnota, etyka: w poszukiwaniu „właściwej” drogi w terenowych badaniach antropologicznych

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Rakowski T.

Etnografia. Praktyki, Teorie, Doświadczenia

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2021

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nr 7

253-264

EN

In this article, I elaborate on some ethical and methodological doubts that have emerged in the course of my ethnographic fieldwork. They relate to the process of constructing the field, moments of collective experimentation, and the process of developing long-term relationships between the ethnographer and his or her interlocutors. I show how the stage of constructing the field may be uncertain and contingent, yet at the same time crucial for understanding the studied phenomena. I then explain how some forms of closeness and friendship in the field may be also transform into common social and artistic projects. Finally, I reflect on deeper ethical tensions related to authorship and authorization during the writing-up stage of research. I argue that some forms of collaboration in the field lead both towards a form of shared authorship and to the necessity to make our interlocutors’ identity anonymous and invisible.

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Przekroczyć esencjalizm. Zwrot ku antropologii przedtekstowej i fenomenologicznej

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Rakowski T.

Prace Kulturoznawcze

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2011

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tom 12

191-199

EN

The article points to the need for transforming the notion of culture in a way that would make it more commensurate with research carried out in today’s globalising world. I believe that culture should be understood in a more functional manner, more connected with everyday practices. In this context I point to the possibility of revealing the potential of pre-textual and phenomenological ethnography. In this I draw on the phenomenological procedures of studying culture through reinterpretations, e.g. on C. Geertz’s concept of dense description and its philosophical background contained in P. Ricoeur’s works. In addition, I point to the possibility of developing anthropological interpretation not so much as text hermeneutics as action hermeneutics that uses, first of all, the procedures of direct and embodied

4

Znalezisko bałtyjskiej zapinki szczeblowej z warszawskiego Wawra

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Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2013

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tom LXIV

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nr 64

227-234

EN

The copper alloy rung brooch (Armbrustsprossenfibel) discovered in the spring of 2013 on a wooded sand dune in Radość housing estate in southern district of Warszawa-Wawer is a stray find lacking in context. No other traces of prehistoric occupation were identified in the immediate vicinity of its discovery (Fig. 1). The brooch has a pseudo-crossbow construction – its chord is a purely element. On the surface of the fibula is a design of engraved straight lines and zigzag, presumably made with a roulette, and stamped sub-triangular and circular motifs (Fig. 3). Surviving almost complete the brooch misses only a fragment of its pin. The decoration on the bow and on coils of beaded wire on spring terminals are substantially worn, presumably due to extended use. The brooch is a late variant of rung brooches attributable to group IV variant B of M. Rudnicki, dated to phase E2b and onset of phase E3, which corresponds to late 6th or the very onset of 7th century (M. Rudnicki 2008, p. 297, pl. 13; cf. J. Kowalski 2000, p. 223–224). Their form is similar to the one illustrated by N. Åberg (1919, fig. 182, p. 27). Rung brooches are characteristic for the territory inhabited by Balt tribes, in particular the area settled by Prussians, between the Baltic Sea, the Vistula and the Neman rivers (cf. J. Okulicz 1973, p. 5); their largest number is known from grave inventories of the Olsztyn Group, i.a., from Tumiany and Kielary, Olsztyn County (Fig. 4:1–5), and of the Elbląg Group, i.a., from Nowinka, Elbląg County (Fig. 4:6.7). Outside these concentrations rung brooches are recorded in Sambia and, much more rarely, in Lithuania (Fig. 5). Two exceptional specimens were discovered in Brandenburg: a fragmented brooch of an older type at Seetz, Kr. Perleberg (H. U. Voß 1991, fig. 2) and a younger specimen, similar in form to the brooch from Warszawa-Wawer, at Prützke, Lkr. Potsdam-Mittelmark (Fig. 5:6a.b; W. von Unverzagt, J. Hermann 1958, pl. 1:b; W. von Unverzagt 1960, fig. 1a–c). The connection of rung brooches to the territory Prussian settlement is sufficiently strong to treat this form as ethnically diagnostic. Consequently, the brooch find from Wawer could document the presence of Prussians in Mazowsze at the time of emergence of a new tribal and demographic situation, i.e., in the period 6th–7th c. AD, between the decline of Roman Period settlement and the full emergence early Slav culture.

5

Głos tradycji. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich w Wyszomierzu Wielkim, pow. zambrowski

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Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

319-353

EN

The site at Wyszomierz Wielki, Zambrów County, is located on the border of the Northern Mazovian Lowland and North Podlasie Lowland in NE Poland. A cemetery from the Roman Period was situated at the edge of a vast wet meadow north-west of the village and south of a kame-moraine forming the characteristic landscape of this area – a cluster of longitudinal elevations called Czerwony Bór (Fig. 1). Rescue excavations at the site took place in 2015 during works preceding the expansion of the European route E67, the so-called Via Baltica (Fig. 2). The cemetery is interesting and unusual in many ways. It was located not on the top of the local elevation, which is common for Mazovian cemeteries from that period, but on a slope of a smaller nearby hill (Fig. 1, 3). It is also surprisingly small – 12 cremation graves, located on the NE-SW line, with a length of about 30 m, were discovered there. Some of the graves seem to be paired (features 138 and 139, 109A and 109B, 236 and 108, and 110 and 111) (Fig. 21:A). Eleven graves, including those with Almgren 41 type brooches (Fig. 4:1, 9:5.6, 10:5.6, 11:3.4, 13:1–4), one-layer combs of the Thomas AI type and antler pins (Fig. 4:3, 9:2, 10:1.9, 11:5), should be dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, i.e. the oldest horizon of the Wielbark Culture in Mazovia and Podlachia. The lack of inhumation burials is also characteristic of this initial phase, which corresponds to the historical migration of the Gothic tribes. The grave goods and results of anthropological bone analysis allow us to conclude that a man (feature 139) and women (features 109A, 111, 227 and 228, possibly also features 108 and 235) were probably buried there; feature 235 also contained the bones of a newborn, which may suggest the burial of a woman who died in childbirth. A several-year-old child was buried separately, in feature 229. The sex of the deceased from three graves (features 138, 109B and 236) cannot be determined (Fig. 21:B). The most interesting feature is the richly furnished grave of a warrior, who died at the age of about 40 (feature 110) (Fig. 5–8). Iron shield fittings, including a ritually destroyed boss with a blunt spike of type Jahn 7a and an iron grip with simple, undefined plates of type Jahn 9/Zieling V2 from the 5th and 6th group of armaments according to K. Godłowski and dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, were found in the grave. The most interesting elements of weaponry, with Scandinavian references, are a spearhead with the blade constricted in the middle, corresponding to spearheads of type 6 from a bog deposit from Illerup, Jutland, and a bent javelin head with large, asymmetrical barbs, whose curved ends point towards the socket, corresponding to type 8 of spearheads from Illerup, i.e. of the Scandinavian Simris type. In the areas north of the Baltic Sea, both of these types are dated to phase C1. Fragments of two rings made of deer antlers and delicate trough-shaped fittings made of copper alloy, probably from the edge of a decorative waist belt, are the only decorations and dress accessories found in the grave (Fig. 7:15–18). Two glass counters (Fig. 7:13.14, 15:8.9), and possibly traces of the third one (Fig. 7:10) are probably all that remains of a larger set, while a few iron fittings are most likely parts of a wooden folding game board. The ring and handle were probably used to open and close the board, while two corner fittings must have strengthened its edges (Fig. 7:7.10–12, 15:5). Similar objects, in addition to a full (?) set of counters, were found in the late Roman grave 41 from Simris in Scania, where a warrior was also buried (Fig. 16:1.2)62. Although no board hinges, as the ones known from the ‘Doctor’s grave’ from Stanway, SE England (Fig. 16:4–8), dating to the middle of the 1st century CE64, dating to the middle of the 1st century CE, were found in the grave from Wyszomierz Wielki, it seems that the two ornamental iron fittings attached with three rivets each could have fastened a leather belt that acted as such a hinge (Fig. 7:8.9, 15:4). This is supported by the shape and width of the fittings, and by the number of rivets, suggesting that they pressed against some not preserved element. Carefully bent nails of the handle, corner fittings and alleged hinges may indicate that the board formed a kind of a ‘container’ for counters when folded (Fig. 17). Fragments of an imported vessel of the terra sigillata type were also found in the grave (Fig. 8:19,15:6.7). The vessel that served as a cinerary urn (Fig. 8:20, 13:5) was wheel-made, i.e. made using a technique that was only just beginning to come into use in the lands north of the Carpathians in phase B2/C1–C1a93.95.96. The burial from feature 110 shows features characteristic of the Przeworsk Culture – primarily, the set of ritually destroyed weapons, although it should be noted that both spearheads are not typical of this culture 72.73.80. In phase B2/C1-C1a, only relicts of the settlement of the Przeworsk Culture, identified with the ‘Vandal’ peoples, were present in right-bank Mazovia, and the population of this culture had been replaced by the people of the Wielbark Culture, identified with the ‘Gothic’ tribes. It is then possible – as the other graves from this cemetery, undoubtedly attributed to the Wielbark Culture, seem to indicate – that it is a rare case of a burial with a weapon of a ‘Gothic’ warrior of this particular culture. Although Wielbark weaponry is very poorly known, it has Scandinavian references in the Late Roman Period123. The man buried in this grave, most likely a member of the local elite, must have been affiliated with an older cultural tradition. What is more, this tradition still had to be legible and acceptable for the people organising funerary rituals. Grave 110 from Wyszomierz Wielki is another of the burials from the end of the Early Roman/beginning of the Late Roman Period, combining features of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures, that are being discovered more and more often in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia128–130 and constitute an important contribution to the study of the processes of cultural (and political) change that took place in Barbaricum during this turbulent period.

6

Ofiara i oczekiwanie. Badania nad pewnym lokalnym doświadczeniem industrializacji

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Rakowski T.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2005

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nr 2

123-132

EN

The commune (gmina) of Kleszczów, located at the edge of the „Be³chatów” Brown Coal Mine is among the most affluent and best-organized communes in Poland. It has experienced rapid social and economic advancement since the 1970’s. Yet an anthropological study reveals the bottom economic layer of the local society – a grouping of houses that are falling apart and farms that have so far gone unnoticed. Aconsiderable portion of social images refers to the emergence of the coal mine as a certain catastrophe: the stories of the mine origins reflect a certain sacrifice related to the construction of the enormous structure. The mine is presented as an external, destructive force. Simultaneously, numerous households left at the edges of the strip mine are still hoping that the mine will buy the farms existing at its edges. The memories and texts emerging within these settlements are a peculiar record of the mine’s history, its origins and development. It is a kind of cultural enclosure, an anthropological laboratory. The subject of the research refers to the experience of rapid external modernization – its reception, evidence and rich mythology.

7

Niepełnosprawność, praca, nadzieja. Studium historii społecznej, czyli o książce Polio w Polsce 1945–1989 Marcina Stasiaka

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Rakowski T.

Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej

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2022

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tom 12

368-376

8

Local craft, theory from abroad: Jacek Olędzki's phenomenology

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Rakowski T.

Lud

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2012

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tom 96

123-133

EN

In this article the author focuses on Polish ethnographies written between 1960-1990 by Jacek Olędzki and argues that it is possible to find a particular way of seeing ethnographic details in these works. The larger part of this ethnographic knowledge was gained thanks to specific skills of noticing and collecting non-discursive data during fieldwork. Therefore, a certain craft of participant observation has been developed within the Polish anthropological tradition. The author refers also to seeing and understanding ethnographic details within the phenomenological/experiential literature in Western anthropology championed by Thomas Csordas, Michael Jackson and Tim Ingold. Yet, these are usually studies which express very clearly their methodological points. On the contrary, the craft of seeing and understanding in Olędzki’s ethnography is rather practiced than spelled out in the form of methodological claims. Therefore, some pertinent questions are put forward here: is there anything particular in Olędzki’s tradition of gathering ethnographic material? Is there anything comparable in his use of the experiential sources with any Western ethnographic methodologies?

9

O nożach ze skuwkami w kulturze przeworskiej

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Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2022

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tom LXXIII

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nr 73

73-107

EN

Knives as an artefact category have rarely been the subject of dedicated studies. There have been attempts at their categorisation and typology, but the large scale of their occurrence and relative similarity of forms discovered did not allow a comprehensive approach for the individual archaeological cultures. The same difficulty applies to the Przeworsk Culture, which yielded an enormous number of iron objects, and not just in comparison with other cultures of European Barbaricum. Before the main discussion of the issue at hand, it is worth it to clarify the terminology, as the individual knife parts have been referred to by different terms in various publications, which is surely the cause of some confusion (Fig. 1, 2). One of the knife categories in the Przeworsk Culture consists of specimens with handles reinforced with ferrules made from an iron strip, dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period and the early phase of the Roman Period. They can be distinguished from knives with pseudo-ferrules, that is fittings without an inner opening but tightly attached to the tang, which were a kind of a bolster for the handle (Fig. 4). This knife category still needs to be catalogued and discussed separately. Ferrules reinforcing the front of the knife handle are oval or almond-shaped; other shapes are rare. They are made from a thin, narrow, iron strip. Handle rivets further from the blade are wider than the ferrules, which indicates deliberate moulding of the handle shape. Przeworsk Culture knives of such a design have blades of varying lengths, from very long (over 20 cm) to short (10 cm and fewer). They are found in both male and female graves, although they are more common in the former (Fig. 14). They are dated from phase A2 (Fig. 5) through the transition between phase A2 and A3 (Fig. 3) and phase A3 (Figs. 7, 8) to the end of phase A3/beginning of phase B1 (Fig. 9, 10) and early phase B1 (Fig. 11), being the most common in phase A3–A3/B1, that is in the second half of the 1st century BCE and the beginning of the 1st century CE. The length of the blade has neither chronological nor territorial significance (Table 1, Fig. 17). Two distinct concentrations of the artefacts in question can be distinguished. The western one covers the area of southern Greater Poland and Lower Silesia, the eastern one is located in Mazovia (Fig. 14). Due to their relatively substantial number (37 specimens have been catalogued), they should be considered forms characteristic of the early phases of the Przeworsk Culture, where they probably also originated. The largest number (seven specimens) is known from the Oblin cemetery, Garwolin County, where they are dated to all the chronological phases of their occurrence, i.e., from phase A2 to phase B1. For this reason, I propose to designate the knife form under discussion as type Oblin. The great precision of workmanship (this applies to the specimens from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw I examined personally), the presence of openings and rivets in the handle tangs indicate that highly specialised workshops capable of creating fairly complicated designs operated in the 1st century BCE and the very beginning of the 1st century CE. Those specialised knife-making workshops vanished around the turn of the era. This coincides with the disappearance of workshops manufacturing wheel-thrown pottery near Cracow, which, according to Tomasz Bochnak, was due to the fall of the so-called Celtic circle – the collapse of markets and travel routes. As a result, the conditions for the functioning of highly specialised workshops would also cease to exist. Perhaps the abandonment of manufacture of fairly complicated – and likely relatively more expensive – knives is another manifestation of the then economic destabilisation within the entire area of the Przeworsk Culture.

PL

Noże jako kategoria zabytków, rzadko były przedmiotem osobnych opracowań. Podejmowano próby ich kategoryzacji i typologizacji, ale masowość ich występowania i relatywne podobieństwo odkrywanych form uniemożliwiały całościowe ujęcie dla poszczególnych kultur archeologicznych. Podobnie jest w przypadku kultury przeworskiej, gdzie ilość zabytków wykonanych z żelaza, jest ogromna w porównaniu do wielu innych kultur europejskiego Barbaricum. Przed właściwym omówieniem zagadnienia warto uściślić terminologię, bowiem poszczególne części noży bywały w publikacjach nazywane rozmaicie, co z pewnością wywołuje pewne nieporozumienia. W oparciu o własną wiedzę i wybrane źródła, proponuję uściślenie nazewnictwa (ryc. 1 i 2). Jedną z kategorii noży w kulturze przeworskiej są egzemplarze, których rękojeści [ang. handle] wzmacniane były wykonywanymi z taśmy żelaznej skuwkami [ang. ferrules], datowane na młodszy okres przedrzymski i początki wczesnej fazy okresu wpływów rzymskich. Odróżnić można je od noży z pseudoskuwkami, czyli okuciami nie mającymi wewnętrznego światła, ale ściśle przylegającymi do trzpienia rękojeści, będącymi raczej rodzajem tarczki oporowej rękojeści [ang. bolster] (ryc. 4). Ta kategoria noży wymaga osobnego skatalogowania i omówienia. Skuwki wzmacniające przód rękojeści noży miały kształt owalny lub migdałowaty; inne kształty należą do rzadkości. Zrobione są z cienkiej, wąskiej taśmy żelaznej, zaś nity rękojeści położone dalej od głowni są szersze niż te skuwki, co wskazuje na celowe profilowanie kształtu rękojeści. Noże o tej konstrukcji w kulturze przeworskiej mają różną długość głowni [ang. blade], od bardzo długich (ponad 20 cm), do krótkich (10 cm i mniej). Znajdowane są zarówno w grobach mężczyzn jak i kobiet, częściej jednak w tych pierwszych. Datowane są od fazy A2 (ryc. 5), poprzez przełom fazy A2 i A3 (ryc. 6), fazę A3 (ryc. 7 i 8), fazę A3/B1 (ryc. 9 i 10) do początku fazy B1 (ryc. 11). Najczęściej spotykane są w fazach A3 i A3/B1, a więc w drugiej połowie I w. przed Chr. oraz początkowi I w. po Chr. Znajdowane są zarówno w grobach mężczyzn jak i kobiet, ale częściej w tych pierwszych (tab. 1). Długość głowni noży nie ma znaczenia chronologicznego ani terytorialnego (tab. 1, mapa 2). Wyróżnić można dwa wyraźne skupiska tych zabytków. Pierwsze, zachodnie, obejmuje obszar południowej Wielkopolski i Dolnego Śląska, drugie zaś, wschodnie znajduje się na Mazowszu (ryc. 14). Ze względu na relatywnie dużą liczbę (skatalogowano trzydzieści siedem egzemplarzy) uznać należy je za formy charakterystyczne dla wczesnych faz kultury przeworskiej, gdzie też upatrywać należy ich genezy. Największa liczba (siedem egzemplarzy) znana jest z cmentarzyska w Oblinie, pow. garwoliński, gdzie datowane są na wszystkie fazy chronologiczne ich występowania, tj. od fazy A2 do B1. Z tego powodu dla omawianych form noży proponuję nazwę typ Oblin. Duża precyzja ich wykonania (dotyczy to znanych mi z autopsji egzemplarzy ze zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie), obecność otworów i nitów [ang. rivets] w trzpieniach [ang. tangs] rękojeści, wskazują na funkcjonowanie w I w. przed Chr. i w samym początku I w. po Chr. wyspecjalizowanych warsztatów potrafiących wykonywać dość skomplikowane projekty. Zanik noży omawianej konstrukcji zbiega się z końcem wytwarzania ceramiki toczonej na kole w tym okresie kultury przeworskiej. Oba te krańcowe zjawiska wiązać można z załamaniem rynków handlowych wynikającym z upadku szeroko rozumianej Celtyki i brakiem miejsca na obszarach na północ od Karpat dla funkcjonowania wyspecjalizowanych warsztatów rzemieślniczych.

10

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z Grzebska na północnym Mazowszu

63%

Andrzejowski J. , Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2019

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tom LXX

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nr 70

211-218

EN

In June 1927, two artefacts – an iron shield boss and a fragment of a small clay bowl – were donated to the National Museum in Warsaw; both were found under unknown circumstances at Grzebsk, Mława County. The shield boss can now be found in the collection of the Polish Army Museum, where it was moved as a deposit of the National Museum before 1939, while the bowl appeared – quite unexpectedly – in the pottery storage of the Iron Age Department of the State Archaeological Museum (PMA) in Warsaw, where it was ‘discovered’ in 1988. It is not quite clear how it found its way to the PMA; what is known is that this must have happened no later than in 1980. According to notes on the catalogue cards of both artefacts, drawn up still in the National Museum, they were found in a grave “covered with a flat stone, with smaller stones around it”, together with “a clay idol, which crumbled after unearthing, an iron sword, and a couple of spurs”. The grave marks an otherwise unknown cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture. We do not have any details about its location other than it was (is?) probably situated on the grounds of the former estate in the village of Grzebsk. The catalogue cards and inventory book of the National Museum list the artefacts as donated by Damian Gniazdowski, however, a different name – Wacław Gniazdowski – can be found in the delivery book of the Museum. The latter is true, as we know that Damian took possession of the Grzebsk estate no earlier than in 1889 and no later than in 1892, then sold the manor farm in 1902 or 1903, and moved with his family to Łępice, Pułtusk County, where he died in January 1922. The grave would have been discovered between 1889/1892 and 1902/1903, thus Damian’s son Wacław, born in 1894, must have recounted the description of the grave that he heard from his father. The small bowl from Grzebsk (Fig. 1) is typical of Przeworsk Culture pottery from the Early Roman Period and corresponds to type VI/1 in the classic typology by Teresa Liana; its unpreserved base could have been convex or concave, possibly – although this would have been completely unique – flat. Similar bowls are common at cemeteries in northern and eastern Mazovia, for example, Niedanowo 2, Nidzica County, Modła 2, Mława County, or Kamieńczyk 2, Wyszków County. Their chronology at the three cemeteries falls within the horizon of phase B1 and the older stage of phase B2. The characteristic star-like ornament on the body connects the bowl from Grzebsk with a group of vessels considered – with reservations – as more or less distant imitations of ribbed Roman glass bowls. Our specimen can be regarded – after Morten Hegewisch – as a “creative plagiarism”. The shield boss (Fig. 2:a.b) belongs to conical forms corresponding to interregional types Bohnsack 8, Jahn 5, and Zieling I1a, typical of the end of the Late Pre-Roman Period and the beginning of the Roman Period. Its surface, especially on the flange, is heavily corroded. Nevertheless, there are visible remains of so-called fire patina, attesting that the object was at some point on a funeral pyre. Only one rivet with a slightly convex, circular head has been preserved, however, rivet holes indicate that the boss was originally attached to a shield with twelve regularly spaced rivets (Fig. 2:c). Such a large number of rivets indicates that the boss should be counted among the older conical forms of Late Pre-Roman shield bosses of the Przeworsk Culture corresponding to type Bochnak 15 and dated to phases A3 and A3/B1, i.e. the end of the 1st century BC and very beginning of the 1st century AD. This fits with dating of other north-Mazovian graves with shield bosses type Bochnak 15, e.g. from Lemany, Pułtusk County, Legionowo, Legionowo County, and possibly also from Niedanowo 1, Nidzica County and Łysa Góra at Gródki, Działdowo County. The small iron nail stuck in the head of the preserved rivet is an interesting element (Fig. 3). Similar to the rest of the artefact, it is covered with fire patina, which indicates its original, ancient provenance. It may indicate an unusual manner of repairing the shield, probably following damage it sustained in a fight. Such a solution, consisting of hammering in another rivet, or a nail as it may be, instead of replacing the damaged rivet, may indicated the ad hoc nature of the repair or lack of access to a specialised workshop. The location of the cemetery remains unknown. It was certainly situated within Damian Gniazdowski’s estate. It is probably what a primary school teacher from Grzebsk referred to in 1926 as a “pagan cemetery” on the grounds of the manor farm, already in the possession of the Rudowski family, where “pots with ashes” were being unearthed. It may be the site registered during field walking in 1998 within the limits of a large gravel pit in the northern part of the village of Grzebsk (Fig. 4, 5). Potsherds and damaged graves in the walls of the gravel pit were discovered there – the site was identified as a Przeworsk Culture cemetery from the “Roman Period”. During verification of the site in 2018, traces of graves in the gravel pit could no longer be observed, however, fragments of characteristic sepulchral pottery of the Przeworsk Culture from the Early Roman Period were found in the gravel pit itself and its immediate vicinity. More information about this site can only be obtained through archaeological excavations. However, we will probably never know whether the cemetery that yielded the artefacts described here and the cemetery discovered in 1998 are one and the same.

11

Sieluń, pow. makowski. Nowe stanowisko kultury wielbarskiej na północnym Mazowszu

63%

Prochowicz R. , Rakowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2013

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tom LXIV

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nr 64

198-210

EN

The assemblage of copper alloy objects presented in the article comes from a series of random discoveries made around 2005 in the farmland between Sieluń and Dyszobaba (both, villages in Maków Mazowiecki County), lying to the west of Lake Sieluńskie and the river Róż which flows from the lake on its south side (Fig. 1). Except for a plate-headed brooch now in the regional museum (Muzeum Ziemi Zawkrzeńskiej) in Mława (inv. no. A/1432), all these objects are at present held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (inv. no. IV/10481). Almost all of these finds may be attributed to Wielbark Culture settlement. The earliest of them (phases B2/C1 and C1) are a fragmented brooch, Almgren group V series 8 (Fig. 2:1) and an incomplete brooch with a high catchplate, a so-called Sarmatian variant (Fig. 2:3). The other finds date to the mature phase C of the Roman Period and to the Early Migration Period: next to the relatively common brooches type A 172 (Fig. 2:5.6) and a buckle similar to types AH14-15 of R. Madyda-Legutko (Fig. 2:9) there are also forms unique or only rarely present in Wielbark Culture deposits. Definitely in the first of these categories is an object of obscure function (Fig. 2:4), which has a profiling analogical to unipartite brooches with a closed catchplate known from Moravia and western Slovakia dated to phases C3–D. The second category is represented by a caterpillar brooch, I series, of M. Tuszyńska (Fig. 2:7), and a plate-headed brooch, group B of A. Kokowski (Fig. 2:8). According to the recently published archival material (A. Bitner-Wróblewska, A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz, T. Nowakiewicz 2011) brooches with a corrugated bow and a head not provided with either a knob, a plate or a projection are encountered most often on the territory of Balt cultures, more rarely, on the territory of Wielbark Culture. The preservation of the brooch from Sieluń is too poor to determine the form of its foot. It could have been rectangular, as in most specimens known to us, but it is also possible that, similarly as the brooch from grave 100B from Cecele, Siemiatycze County, the foot was lozengic. Plate-headed brooches are forms characteristic for southern Gothic cultures. In the region to the north of the Carpathians their finds are relatively rare. The specimen from Sieluń differs a little from similar brooches known from the territory of the Masłomęcz Group and Balt cultures by having an upper, rather a lower, cross-bow shaped XX, secured by means of a special notch in the plate in which the axis of the spring is fixed. A similar design of the fastening is seen in plate-headed brooches from Ukrainian finds, some of them forms similar to group B. With a diameter of 28 mm the ring (Fig. 2:2) is interpreted as a belt fitting and cannot be dated more closely – similar forms are known both from the Early and the Late Roman Period. At the present stage of inquiry it is hard to conclude whether the artifacts from Sieluń are settlement or grave finds. The first possibility would be supported by the absence of cremated bone and preservation – none of these metal objects had been affected by fire. At the same time there is no evidence that during the period of interest the area was suitable for settlement – the level of the farmland at Sieluń, site of discovery of our group of artifacts, had an elevation only a little higher than the water level in the nearby lake and river (Fig. 1). Without test trenching and specialist geological studies we cannot hope to resolve this question. Regardless of the character of the site at Sieluń it may definitely be regarded as evidence on Wielbark Culture settlement in a part of Mazowsze which until recently used to be viewed as an area mostly lacking in Wielbark Culture finds. The same farmland at Sieluń also yielded the find of a silver Celtic coin, type Simmering, unique for the area to the north of the Carpathians, struck around mid-1st century BC. It may be attributed to Przeworsk Culture settlement of phase A3 of the Late Pre-Roman Period, possibly even phase B1 of the Early Roman Period (J. Andrzejowski, w druku).

12

Nowe znalezisko złotego wisiorka kulistego z Węgrowa, pow. loco

63%

Rakowski T. , Zasłona M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2012

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tom LXIII

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nr 63

227-231

EN

Several Roman Period artefacts were discovered in the spring of 2010 on the outskirts of Węgrów (Fig. 1) and submitted to the Museum Armoury housed in the Gothic castle at Liw. One of these finds is a slightly damaged ball-like pendant made of gold foil without any additional decorative details (Fig. 1:1, 2). Similar forms are encountered in grave inventories of female and male burials in cemeteries of Wielbark Culture (phases B1a–C1) and Przeworsk Culture (phases B2–C1). At the same time, in the region of Mazowsze currently they are known only from a small number of Przeworsk graves datable to phase B2 (Fig. 3): Grodzisk Mazowiecki, distr. loco, grave 23 (B. Barankiewicz 1959, p. 204, pl. VII:24), Kamieńczyk, distr. Wyszków, grave 63 (T. Dąbrowska 1997, p. 22, 86, pl. XXX/63:4), and Oblin, distr. Garwolin, grave 26b (K. Czarnecka 2007, p. 17, 78, pl. XXIV/26b:1). An exceptional ball pendant decorated with filigree and granulation was discovered at Nadkole 2, distr. Wyszków, grave 121 (J. Andrzejowski 1998, p. 45, 65, pl. LXXV/121:2). This suggests that the pendant from Węgrów has a similar dating and is associated with Przeworsk Culture. The same location also yielded two denarius coins: a Vespasian and a Faustina the Younger and, at a distance of about 200 m, a damaged bronze crossbow tendril fibula, type A.161–162, decorated on its head and at spring terminals with knobs (Fig. 1:2–4). An indentation visible on the Vespasian coin suggests an attempt made to pierce the denarius and use it for a pendant. The condition of the fibula (its strongly bent shape – evidence of intentional destruction?) suggests that originally it was an element of an inventory of a Wielbark Culture cremation burial. The finds from Węgrów presumably derive from an as yet unidentified archaeological site of Roman Period date. Numerous finds of Roman coins recorded in the area around Węgrów and the nearby Liw, a hoard of Roman coins from the vicinity of the village of Jarnice, the presumed burial mound of Wielbark Culture at Liw and the long-lived burial grounds at Stara Wieś and Jartypory a few kilometres to the north, document the existence during the Roman Period of a settlement concentration which survived in the region until the Early Migration Period (cf. J. Andrzejowski 2005, p. 242, fig. 4, 5, 9, 12).

13

Etnografia jako działanie społeczne / animacja kulturyEtnografia jako działanie społeczne / animacja kultury

63%

Plińska W. , Rakowski T.

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tom 38

PL

Ethnography as a social activity/cultural animation The authors ponder on the category of engaged ethnographic research, as well as possible areas of using such studies in cultural animation. A clash between the field worker’s social co-existence (field) and the effort of an analytic approach to the described reality (desk), seems to be the crucial issue. To illustrate the matter, the authors present activities undertaken by the lecturers and students, who participated in „Cultural Animation” workshops (in the Polish Culture Institute, UoW), as part of the project „Ostałówek. A common place”.

14

Niezbyt sucha kraina. Specyfika osadnicza terenów zalewowych doliny środkowej Wisły na przykładzie skupiska osadniczego w Glinkach, pow. otwocki

51%

Rakowski T. , Stanaszek Ł. M. , Watemborska-Rakowska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2019

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tom LXX

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nr 70

271-280

EN

Floodplains of large rivers are rarely the subject of archaeological research. The excavations at the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Czersk, Piaseczno County, and studies on the modern settlement in the Urzecze (literally at-the-river’s) microregion near Warsaw yielded data about the settlement in the Middle Vistula Valley across the ages and prompted a non-invasive examination of the area. In 2017, a large-scale fieldwalking survey took place in the southern part of the Urzecze floodplain, covering an area of ca. 83 square kilometres (Figs. 1, 2). The already known sites were verified, and numerous new sites from various historical periods were discovered. The survey was complemented with traditional research, such as cartographical and historical searches, as well as new solutions in the form of a digital elevation model, obtained by laser scanning of the ground surface and geophysical and underwater prospection. The character of settlement in the area, specific due to the natural conditions, can be illustrated on the example of the settlement cluster near the village of Glinki, situated on the right bank of the Vistula, at the latitude of Góra Kalwaria (Fig. 3). Settlement in periodically flooded areas is focused only in a few selected places, where the shape of the terrain guarantees relatively safe shelter during periods of regular but hard to predict overflows and dangerous inundations. In the case of the cluster in Glinki, small, elevated areas, difficult to notice in the field and surrounded by oxbow lakes that form natural reservoirs (polders), are legible (Fig. 4). The oldest traces of settlement date back to the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, then to the pre-Roman and Roman period and the Middle Ages, up to modern and contemporary times (Fig. 5, 6). The ‘insular’ nature of settlement (Fig. 9) in the floodplains of the Middle Vistula is confirmed by the observed presence of other, similar clusters situated on the former sandbanks and islands or their remains. The specificity of natural conditions (Fig. 7, 8, 10) and the rhythm of life in these areas influenced the flavour and specificity of the local culture, a phenomenon that has been well described for modern times (Ł.M. Stanaszek 2014). It is possible that in the earlier time periods some local differences within the large archaeological cultures are also to be expected. This can only be confirmed by future excavations in the area.

15

Grób z ostrogami z nekropoli kultury wielbarskiej w Jartyporach nad Liwcem

51%

Andrzejowski J. , Rakowski T. , Watemborska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

|

tom LXII

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nr 62

49-63