The advent of molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology brought new developments not only to agricultural, but also to medicine and the basic sciences.Molecular biology and genetic engineering technologias have not onlyaccelerated progress in science, but have also heightened the potential safety risks and ethical concerns associated with these products.Objectivessuch as these can only be dealt with by conscientious integation of scientific information with the ethical discussions.The use of recombinant DNA technology has and will continue to be used for the diagnosis of disease, gene therapy type strategies, as well as in forensic arenas.Dwespite many problems associated with, biotechnology will continue into a vibrant, healthy "adult".
Transgenic mice which overexpress growth hormone (GH) may be used a model system to examine growth, kidney pathology, as well as the medical condition known as acromegaly (hyper-growth hormone secretion). GH is a pleiotropic 22 kDa polypeptide hormone which elicits body growth in jeuvenille animals and also mediates protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. The structure / function relationships of selected residues of bovine (b) GH a-helix I were approached using site-directed mutagenesis in concert with the production of bGH analog transgenic mice. Phenyalanine (Phe, F) 11 and histidine (His, H) 22 in the amino-terminus of bGH were the targeted amino acids. bGH and the bGH analog transgenic mice all exhibited the enhanced growth phenotype similar to bGH transgenic mice and had elevated IGF-1 serum concentrations. However, bGH-H22R mice demonstrated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCR) several fold higher than the other transgenic mice. Elevated BUN and SCR are an indication of renal insufficiency in this mouse line. Glucose tolerance testing in the bGH-H22R mice revealed that they possessed a lower tolerance for glucose, or an enhancement of the diabetogenic properties of the hormone as compared to wild-type and other GH analog transgenic mice: In addition to the glomerulosclerosis found in bGH mice, histological examination of the mature bGH-H22R mice demonstrated severe glomerulosclerosis, as well as cystic kidney lesions.
This paper presents the methods of transgenic pigs production and the results based on the long experience of the authors in this area. Moreover, the trends and current issues of transgenic modification in pigs are discussed.
There are two principal applications of transgenic animals. Best known and most advanced application is to use transgenic animals (called bioreactors or molecular farms) for the production of various proteins or biopolymers of medical significance. The second application concerns efforts to improve the productivity traits of breeding animals. We have worked out methods which allow somatic cloning of mammals and gene knockout methods. These methods have been developing very rapidly in recent years and their efficiency will soon be improved to the extent that they will become profitable. For the time being, DNA microinjection with all its disadvantages, remains the principal method of producing transgenic bioreactors. In this paper, the effectiveness of production of transgenic rabbits, goats and pigs with the use of WAP-Fuc gene construct is presented.
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