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EN
Before the Second World War, mutual insurance companies have developed dynamically and with great success. Then, after having vanished from the Polish market for about 50 years, they suddenly reappeared in 1991. The authoress analyses the reasons of the companies' inability of retrieving their old splendour, as well as the obstacles in their development. She asserts that both the new legal definition and the regulations from 2003 are not precise enough. Therefore, she suggests some changes and submits a wider legal definition of the mutual insurance society. It can be defined, according to the authoress, as a separate and independent subject - both legally and organisationally, existing only within the scope of insurance, voluntarily uniting its members and having the purpose of satisfying mutual insurance needs - in exchange for changeable fees. She also discusses whether the mutual insurance society as the subject of non-profit character can be an entrepreneur and lead a business activity. Undoubtedly, presented arguments proved the above thesis.
EN
There are few works on the obligatory character of civil liability insurance for vessel owners. Civil liability insurance for passenger vessels is regulated in Article 182 of the Maritime Code. This type of insurance for vessel owners to cover damages caused by oil pollution are described in Article 273 of the Maritime Code. These are the only types of maritime insurance that are obligatory. Accordingly, it is obvious that obligatory insurance for only two of many dozen maritime hazards, which can be insured against voluntarily, is grossly insufficient. With the exception of damages cased by oil, there is no obligation to obtain civil liability insurance for other types of damage. The international community has ratified an additional two conventions, which impose alternatives to obligatory insurance or financial security in cases of marine environmental pollution. These include the international convention of 1996 on liability and compensation for damages concerned with the shipping of hazardous and dangerous substances and the international convention of 2001 on civil liability for damages caused by bunker oil pollution. Neither of these two conventions has yet to come into force; however, it is possible that they will be ratified by Poland in the nearest future. The introduction of obligatory insurance should also cover other damages resulting from vessel exploitation. Such an obligation could induce increased shipping safety by eliminating vessels that do not comply with safety standards. It would also have an impact on the principles of fair competition in sailing as well as standardize insurance protection.
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2009
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tom R. 85, nr 2
106-111
PL
Rozpatrywany w referacie generator indukcyjny z maszyną dwustronnie zasilaną w układzie bezstykowym składa się z dwóch sekcji maszyn indukcyjnych, których wirniki połączono sztywno ze sobą mechanicznie oraz elektrycznie i zamknięto w jednej obudowie. Zaletą takiego układu jest wyeliminowanie styków ślizgowych przy zachowaniu możliwości dwustronnego oddawania energii. W referacie przedstawiono model matematyczny i schematy zastępcze generatora indukcyjnego w układzie bezstykowym jak również dokonano analizy wybranych stanów pracy układu generatora z przekształtnikiem w programie symulacyjnym PSIM.
EN
Brushless doubly fed induction generator investigated in the paper consists of two doubly fed induction machines, whose rotors are mechanically and electrically coupled. The main advantage of considered doubly fed machine is possibility of power generation with elimination of slip rings and brushes. Mathematical models and equivalent circuit of brushless doubly fed induction generator are presented in the paper. Theoretical analysis is verified by simulations using PSIM software.
20
Content available remote Zadania oraz wybrane kryteria doboru systemu powłokowego elewacji
100%
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2007
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tom nr 9
10-11
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