In market economy foreign currency transactions occur every day. They involve currency risk occurrence that can be defined as danger of bank loses due to the unfavourable change of currency exchange rates. There are traditional methods used in currency risk management as well as many kinds of derivatives that limit the risk of transactions run in foreign currencies.
The banks payment liability is a crucial matter because banks act as institutions of public confidence. They also play a role of an intermediary in the process of currency flow on the market. Having the above in mind, this articie underiines the necessity of the liability risk managing, by its identification and enterprising interbanks activities which minimize the risk.
Banking system is determined by many inner and outer factors. They include corporate qualifications, abilities and talents, the banking organization size, its market place, adopted development strategy but also economic climate, fiscal and monetary policy and many other factors. There is one more important feature bank own capital. Its size and structure determine dimension and character of banking activity. The article analyses capital adequacy in Polish banking system in the changing level environment
The articie describes currency risk entity and its types. It concentrates specially on the methods of currency risk measurement and on presentation of activities allowing to reduce the risk. The process of improving identification methods and the quantification of currency risk generates constant changes in the process of managing the currency risk. The new, modern financial and legal tools emerge at the different stages of risk managing process.
Enterprises which make deals abroad see the necessity to manage the currency risk. The basis of proper managing in every enterprise is knowledge of instruments, which allow to reduce this risk. Rapidly developing Polish financial market offers a wide range of the derived instruments. Optional transactions used to reduce the currency risk are becoming more popular. Derived instruments on one hand reduce the currency risk, on other hand can produce an income.
Prowadzenie każdej działalności gospodarczej, w tym bankowej, związane jest z ponoszeniem ryzyka. Dla banku może to oznaczać zmniejszenie dodatniego wyniku finansowego, poniesienie straty i jej pokrycie z kapitału własnego, problemy z płynnością i wypłacalnością banku w konsekwencji ogłoszenie jego upadłości i likwidacji. Celem artykułu jest określenie rodzajów ryzyka, występujących w praktyce bankowej.
Ochrona depozytów bankowych jest jednym z podstawowych celów systemu bankowego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie funkcjonowania Bankowego Funduszu Gwarancyjnego w procesie transformacji polskiej bankowości.
Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania banku komercyjnego jako "obiektu systemowego". Określenie jego podsystemów, otoczenia, "wejść" i "wyjść", pozwala na wyznaczenie podstawowych miejsc tworzenia się ryzyka bankowego. Poznając warunki, w których generowane są wszystkie niebezpieczeństwa zagrażające bankowi jako instytucji zaufania publicznego, można podjąć działania eliminujące ich przyczyny i minimalizujące skutki.
EN
The article is devoted to express a characteristic of chosen aspects of functioning of commercial bank as a "system object". The describing of its subsystems, environment, "inputs" and "outputs", allows to point out the main spots of forming the bank risk, Learning conditions, which generate all dangerous situations that threats the bank, which acts as an institution of social confidence, the activity, which eliminate its back ground and minimalise results.
Rozpoczęty po 1988 r. proces transformacji polskiego systemu bankowego miał zasadniczy wpływ na kondycję ekonomiczno-finansową banków komercyjnych. Zmiany wprowadzane w bankowości spowodowały z jednej strony wzmocnienie podmiotów w niej funkcjonujących, z drugiej natomiast ograniczenia znaczenia polskiego kapitału. Zagraniczne banki, silne kapitałowo i organizacyjnie, stały się zagrożeniem polskiej bankowości, a proces dostosowania do wymogów UE wiele z nich wyeliminował z rynku usług bankowych. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie podstawowych, pojawiających się w procesie transformacji zagrożeń dla funkcjonowania polskich banków.
EN
The process of transformation of the polish bank system commenced after 1988 had a fundamental influence on economic-finance condition of commerce banks. The changes implemented in banking involved on one hand the strengthening of subjects functioning inside but on the other hand limitation of importance of Polish capital. Foreign banks, with strong capital and organization became a menace to the Polish banking, and the process of adaptation to the EU eliminated many of them from the market of bank services. The aim of the article is to present basic menaces appearing in the process of transformation of the Polish banks.
The business activity in enterprises and banks is connected with generating of cash flows. Each cash flow has its own level of liability. The article aim is to analyse the methods of the liquidity identification and to indicate the operations allowing its ruling, together with describing the strategy of the enterprise liquidity managering.
The article presents the essence of interest rates risk and various types of interest rates risk as well as its symptoms and effects. The authoresses also present methods of limiting interest rates risk stressing the role of derivatives. The article enumerates derivatives and assess their ability to limit interest rates risk
Banking System is one of the most important elements of institutional structure and functional finance and credit economy. It covers all the banking institutions and norms determining relations and bonds. The text is devoted to the causes of changes in banking system in Poland.
The article presents short characteristics of credit risk, describes types of risk, its sources and consequences. The authors present risk limiting methods concentrating on standard precautions: bank credit concentration standards and liquidity rates. According to the New Capital Agreement the analysis takes into account capital need resulting from bank credit risk in the Polish banking system.
Ochrona depozytów bankowych jest jednym z podstawowych celów systemu bankowego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie funkcjonowania Bankowego Funduszu Gwarancyjnego w procesie transformacji polskiej bankowości.
EN
The protection of safe-deposits consists one of the major target of the bank system. The subject of the article is aimed on the process of performing by the Bank Guarantee Found its duties in the process of the Polish Banking transformation.
Effective functioning of every economy depends on safe, stabile and modern banking system. Only well regulated and supervised systems can grant security of financial and banking sectors. The article analyses banking supervision from the point of view of banking theory and praxis, therefore it consists of two parts. The first theoretical one and the second, presenting bank supervision in Poland in the context of entering broader financial supervision structure in 2008.
Deep structural and organisational transformation of the Cooperative Banking System is generated by the necessity of adapting this sector to the market economy and especially to the EU standards. The aim of this article is to describe factors determining development of the Polish cooperative banks in their environment. The analysis confirms that the restructuring process has improved financial condition of banks and increased their efficiency. Furthermore, the restructuring process has helped to create economically sound and organisationally efficient, solid and more reliable cooperative banking sector.
The article describes the transition of Polish economy resulting from liberalisation, globalisation and integration processes. Polish banks compete on the market with foreign businesses. In order to survive it was necessary to increase efficiency. The aim of the article is to analyse the efficiency of commercial and co-operative banks in Poland during the transition period in Poland. It has been proved that co-operative banks have been more efficient since 1997.
The financial sector functions are the important part of economy of every state, because its stability, as well as financial institutions themselves, are considered as the public good. The crisis situations which started to appear in the financial sector contributed in the rise of the guaranteeing deposits' idea. The mission of guaranteeing the deposits' system is serving the safety and stability of financial institutions and the growth of confidence in the financial system. Thus, at present, the institutions of guaranteeing became the durable element of financial systems in the world.. \
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