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EN
The present study attempts to explain the reason for the selective generation of an increase in intensity of Congo red (CR) fluorescence as an effect of the dye interacting with proteins and polysaccharides. This supramolecular dye, which creates ribbon-shaped micelles in aqueous solutions when excited with blue light (470 nm), presents low fluorescence with a maximum within the orange-red light range (approximately 600 nm). In the same conditions, CR-stained preparations of heat-denatured proteins, some native proteins (e.g. cell surface receptors) and cellulose show intense orange-red fluorescence when observed using a fluorescence microscope. The fluormetric measurements showed that the factors that cause the dissociation of the ribbon-shaped CR micelle – ethanol, urea, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and cholate – all contributed to a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity of the CR solutions. The fluorescence measurements of CR bound to the immunoglobulin light lambda (L λ) chain and soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) showed a fluorescence intensity which was many times higher. In the case of the denatured (65°C) immunoglobulin L λ chain, the fluorescence intensity significantly exceeded the values observed for the factors which break down the CR micelles. The dissociation of the ribbon-shaped micelles and the complexation of the monomeric CR form with polymers are two of the factors explaining the intense fluorescence of protein and polysaccharide preparations stained with CR.
EN
Congo red (CR) dye molecules self-associate in water solutions creating ribbon-like supramolecular structures that can bind various aromatic compounds by intercalation, forming mixed supramolecular systems. Mixed supramolecular systems, such as CR-doxorubicin and CREvans blue, interact with the surface of carbon nanotubes, leading to their stiffening and ultimately to their breaking and shortening. This work presents a simple method of obtaining short and straight carbon nanotubes with significantly better dispersion in aqueous solutions and consequently improved usability in biological systems.
EN
The particles of Congo red (CR), a bis-azo dye, associate in aqueous solutions, forming ribbon-like micelles. Supramolecular dyes, as a result of their molecular size, have a limited capability of penetrating into the interior of the majority of native proteins and do not enter living cells surrounded by an intact phospholipid membrane. They may however, bind to proteins with structure destabilized by unfolding (during denaturation) or function-related changes (e.g. surface cell receptors). Congo red absorbs visible light with a maximum absorption at 500 nm, in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. After CR bind to the polymers (such as cellulose) or certain proteins, dye’s behaviour changes remarkably. These binding affects spectral properties of the dye: the absorption spectrum of the Congo red shifts towards longer wavelengths and receives a yellow-red fluorescence. A numerical analysis of the graphic data obtained from fluorescent microscope (division into channels corresponding to constituent colours and with the noise separated using a graphical program) allowed to understand better the causes of movement of the CR fluorescence spectrum and to identify the properties of substances associating with the CR micelle. By means of a statistical analysis of the data it was possible to observe that wavelength of emission and intensity of fluorescence is not only associated with the polarity of the environment but mainly with the strength of the association between the Congo red micelle and the matrix.
EN
Congo red (CR) and other self-assembling compounds creating supramolecular structures of rod- or ribbon-like architecture form specific complexes with cellulose and also with many proteins, including antibodies bound to the antigen and amyloids in particular. The mechanism of complexation and structure of these complexes are still poorly recognized despite the importance of the problem for medicine. This work proposes the progress in electron microscopy studies of amyloid-dye complexes by labeling supramolecular ligand CR with silver ions as a marker. Silver ions are introduced to CR carried by the strongly binding silver dye Titan yellow, which in addition form comicellar structures with CR. Silver carried by self-assembled dye molecules forms in the resulting metal nanoparticles, making the specific amyloid ligand CR perceptible in EM studies.
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