Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Air security of NATO’s eastern flank: threats and challenges

100%

Michalski D. , Bernat P.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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tom 52

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nr 2(196)

352-365

PL

Artykuł skupia się na ocenie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego wschodniej flanki NATO w kontekście dynamicznych zmian w jego bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie. Autorzy rozpoczynając od przeglądu obecnej sytuacji w zakresie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego w regionie, dokonali analizy rozwoju tego środowiska. Szczególną uwagę zwracając przy tym na proces modernizacji systemów rakietowych, sił powietrznych i kosmicznych Federacji Rosyjskiej, zarówno pod względem jakościowym jak i ilościowym. Wyzwania wynikające z nowej sytuacji zostały porównane z obecnymi i przyszłymi zdolnościami obronnymi NATO przed zagrożeniami lotniczymi.

EN

The focal point of the paper is to assess the air security on the NATO’s eastern flank in the context of the dynamic changes that have occurred in its immediate vicinity. The authors, beginning with an overview of the current framework of the air security situation in the region, have analysed the developments that have taken place in that regard. The modernisation of missile systems, as well as air and space forces by the Russian Federation, both in qualitative and quantitative terms, have been the subject of thorough scrutiny. The challenges generated by the new situation have been weighed against the current and future NATO’s defence capabilities against air threats.

2

Game of Proxies – Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine

70%

Kozera C. A. , Bernat P. , Gürer C. , Popławski B. , Sözer M. A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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tom 31

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nr 4

77-97

EN

The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject, governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently, the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict’s outcome.

3

Varices of the Descending Duodenum Explored During Emergency Gastro-Duodenal Resection for Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. Case Report

61%

Rudzki S. , Dryka T. , Wilczyński P. , Bernat P. , Bicki J. , Furmaga J. , Piłat J.

Polish Journal of Surgery

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2013

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tom 85

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nr 5

279-283

EN

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a major medical emergency and accounts for approximately 7,000 admissions to hospitals in Scotland each year. Over the last 10 years there has been a number of improvements in diagnosis and conservative management of the condition, which significantly reduced the ratio of life-threatening cases requiring an emergency surgery. Despite these achievements surgical intervention or, if accessible, endovascular procedures must be undertaken as emergency actions, should conservative management fail. Vascular malformations of the duodenum are less frequent causes of upper GI bleeding. Duodenal varices found endoscopically occur in 0.4% of patients with portal hypertension (PHT) and are believed to be caused mainly by liver cirrhosis, idiopathic PHT, extrahepatic PHT, or previous surgical trauma. The duodenal bulb is their most common site, followed by the second portion of the duodenum. Forty per cent of patients with PHT have duodenal varices at angiography; however, their penetration unusually affects submucosa, hence no symptoms develop. Isolated bleeding duodenal varices are scarcely reported in literature, although present a significant surgical problem: massive haemorrhage combined with failure to identify them as a source has led to catastrophic outcomes with mortality rate of 40%. The case hereby presented is unique in several aspects. Duodenal varices were explored on emergency laparotomy rather than on prior endoscopies, which, performed by the same well-established endoscopists, were twice negative. This corresponds to the study by Cottam et al. stating that duodenal varices may not penetrate the submucosa, hence haemorrhages of their origin may even be more difficult to diagnose on endocsopy. Secondly, the haemorrhage here reported was undoubtedly a life-threatening condition that required a multidisciplinary team to be managed successfully. Along with Shirashi et al. we confirm that surgical ligation followed by the excision of duodenal / small intestinal varices may be an effective method of their management - both cases have been free of recurrence at 15 months postoperatively. In contrast to the study by Hashizume et al. the duodenal varices here presented were not associated with portal hypertension (PTH). Finally, duodenal varices located in the posterolateral aspect of the descending duodenum are less common as the majority of cases reported so far were of duodenal bulb location.