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Content available remote Optymalizacja procesów magazynowych w przedsiębiorstwie
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PL
Celem artykułu była optymalizacja procesów magazynowych w wybranym przedsiębiorstwie. Problem badawczy wyrażony w formie pytania to: Jaki wpływ ma odpowiednie zagospodarowanie przestrzeni użytkowej magazynu w przedsiębiorstwie X na efektywność realizowanych procesów magazynowych? Podczas opracowania tego artykułu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze, takie jak: analiza literatury i dokumentów przedsiębiorstwa, synteza, wnioskowanie oraz narzędzie badawcze, jakim była analiza wskaźnikowa. Artykuł składa się ze wstępu kreślącego ideę rozważań problemów podjętych w opracowaniu, części głównej dotyczącej ujęcia teoretycznego systemu magazynowania, charakterystyki przedsiębiorstwa, analizy i oceny zagospodarowania przestrzeni użytkowej magazynu przedsiębiorstwa X oraz koncepcji poprawiającej efektywność eksploatowanego magazynu.
EN
The aim of the article was to optimize warehouse processes in the selected company. The research problem is expressed in the form of a question is: What impact has the appropriate use of space usable storage in the enterprise X on the effectiveness of the processes of storage? During the development of this article we use the following research methods such as literature analysis and business documents, synthesis, reasoning and research tool, which was a ratio analysis. The article consists of an introduction describing a trajectory idea reflection of concerns in the development, part of the main theoretical approach on the storage system, the characteristics of the company, analysis and evaluation of the development of usable storage company X and the concept of improving the efficiency of operated warehouse.
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Content available remote Lokalna obserwowalność układów z czasem ciągłym i z czasem dyskretnym
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PL
Praca zawiera charakteryzacje lokalnej obserwowalności i stabilnej lokalnej obserwowalności dla analitycznych układów sterowania. Podano wyniki zarówno dla układów z czasem ciągłym , jak i dla układów z czasem dyskretnym. Wyniki mają charakter algebraiczny. Wyrażone sa w języku rzeczywistej geometrii analitycznej.
EN
Necessary and sufficient conditions of local observability for analytic systems are given. The results hold for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. They have algebraic from and are expressed with the language of real analytic geometry.
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Content available remote On real differential ideals
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EN
Three operations on ideals of a differential ring are studies: the differential exension, the Keigher operaton and taking real radical. It is shown that the Keigher operator applied to a real ideal yields a real ideal again. Relations between the three operations are examined.
PL
Rozpatrywane są trzy operacje na ideałach w pierścieniach różniczkowych: operator Keighera, rozszerzenie różniczkowe i branie radykału rzeczywistego. Pokazano, że zastosowanie operatora Keighera do ideału rzeczywistego daje ponownie ideał rzeczywisty. Zbadano relacje pomiędzy tymi operacjami na ideałach.
EN
Positive reachability of time-variant linear positive systems on arbitrary time scales is studied. It is shown that the system is positively reachable if and only if a modified Gram matrix corresponding to the system is monomial. The general criterion is then specified for particular cases of continuous-time systems and various classes of discrete-time systems. It is shown that in the case of continuous-time systems with analytic coefficients the conditions for positive reachability are very restrictive, similarly as for time-invariant systems.
6
Content available Positive realizations on time scales
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EN
The problem of realization of a linear input-output map as a positive linear system on a time scale is studied. To state the criteria of existence of realization, modified Markov parameters corresponding to the input-output map are introduced. It is necessary for the existence of a positive realization that the modified Markov parameters be nonnegative. A necessary and sufficient condition for realizability is expressed in the language of positive cones in an infinite dimensional space. The sequence of modified Markov parameters generates one of the cones that appear in the criterion of realizability.
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Content available remote Dualities for linear control differential systems with infinite matrices
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EN
Infinite-dimensional linear dynamic systems described by infinite matrices are studied. Approximate controllability for systems with lower-diagonal matrices is investigated, whereas observability is studied for systems with row-finite and upper-diagonal matrices. Different necessary or sufficient conditions of approximate controllability and observability of such systems are given. They are used to show dualities between these properties. The theorems on dualities extend the results known for finite-dimensional systems.
8
Content available remote Viability and generalized differential quotients
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EN
Necessary and sufficient conditions for a set-valued map K : R → Rn to be GDQ-differentiable are given. It is shown that K is GDQ differentiate at to if and only if it has a local multiselection that is Cellina continuously approximable and Lipschitz at to. It is also shown that any minimal GDQ of K at (to,yo) is a subset of the contingent derivative of K at (to,yo), evaluated at 1. Then this fact is used to prove a viability theorem that asserts existence of a solution to the initial value problem y(t) ∈ F(t, y(t)), with y(to) =yo, where F : Gr(K) → Rn is an orientor field (i.e. multivalued vector field) defined only on the graph of K and K : T → Rn is a time-varying constraint multifunction. One of the assumptions is GDQ differentiability of K.
9
Content available remote Realizations of linear control systems on time scales
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EN
Linear constant-coefficients control systems with output on arbitrary time scales are studied. Kalman criteria of controllability and observability are extended to such systems. The main problem is to find criteria for an abstract input/output map to have a realization as a system on the time scale. Two different characterizations of realizability are proved. They extend the classical results obtained for continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Minimal realizations and their uniqueness are also studied.
10
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EN
Discrete-time infinite-dimensional linear dynamic systems, with one-dimensional output, are studied. They are described by infinite matrices that are row-finite. Observability of such systems is investigated. It may be described as the property that one can calculate the value of each state variable using only finitely many rows of observability matrix. Different conditions of observability of such systems are given.
PL
Badane są nieskończenie wymiarowe liniowe układy dynamiczne z dyskretnym czasem i z jednowymiarowym wyjściem. Układy te opisane są przez nieskończone macierze o skończonych wierszach". Zbadano obserwowalność takich układów. Własność ta została scharakteryzowana następująco: wartość zmiennej stanu może być wyliczona na podstawie skończenie wielu wierszy macierzy obserwowalności. Pokazano kilka innych warunków na obserwowalność.
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Content available remote Daubechies filters in wavelet image compression
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EN
The wavelet compression method is one of the most effective techniques of digital image compression. Effeciency of this method strongly depends on the filters used in two-dimensional wavelet transform. The fundamental way of construction of finite impulse response filters was given by I. Daubechies. The paper contains foundations of technique for wavelet image compression and presents a new proof of the fact that the Daubechies filters satisfy the conditions of a perfect signal reconstruction.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wartości odżywczej i kalorycznej, poziomu zanieczyszczenia metalami szkodliwymi dla zdrowia całodziennych racji pokarmowych młodzieży zamieszkałej we wszystkich internatach szkół ponadpodstawowych województwa białostockiego, uzyskane z badań przeprowadzonych na przestrzeni roku 1997 i 1998. Stwierdzono, że przeciętna racja pokarmowa jest zbyt kaloryczna i nie zapewnia odpowiedniej ilości składników odżywczych. Zanieczyszczenie ołowiem w 26% badanych w 1997 roku i 14% analizowanych racji w 1998 roku przekroczyło wartości tolerowanego pobrania tygodniowego, podczas gdy zanieczyszczenie metalami takimi jak: kadm, rtęć nie przekraczało wartości wspomnianego poziomu.
EN
The aim of this study was an assessment of nutrition quality of adolescents living in boarding schools at the province of Białystok. The investigations were carried out in the range of nutritional value and contamination level of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc in daily food rations given to young people. The nutrition quality was determinated by calculating the energy and nutritional components during ten days (decade), using computer programm „Menu". Chemical analysis were made on individual meals, which create daily food ration per estimated day. All the studies (in 1997 and 1998 year) were done according to the methods referred in chapter on this article „Material and methods of researchs". It was found, (during two years study) that nutrition of young people in boarding schools devites from recommended dietary allowances. High products consumption from grups: „meat and its products", „butter" and „other fats", caused too high energy contribution taken from dietary fats of whole daily energy and high iron intake. The percent proportion from energy supplied from proteins was maintained in recommended value. The consumption deficit in grups „milk and dairy products", „vegetables and fruit rich in vitamin C reflected in the low percent of realization of the requirements for calcium and vitamin C. Exceedation of permissible tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of cadmium and mercury wasn't stated, (in 1997 year) while 26% of estimated in 1997 year, and 14% in 1998 diets were above PTWI for lead. Daily intake of copper and zinc was lower than maximal tolerable daily intake (MTDI). Some assessed (during 1997 and 1998 year) rations didn't covere the requirements for zinc, while in 81% estimated diets in 1997 and 76% in 1998, the recomended intake level of copper was exceeded. The contents of sodium chloride in daily food rations analyzed in 1997 year ranged from 13.8 g to 27.2 g and the highest source of dietary salt were dinner meals (6.9 g - 13.2 g), analogous in current year - from 10.8 g to 38.3 g, with contents of salt in dinner meals - 5.7 g to 14.4 g. The investigations from 1997 and 1998 year prove, that nutrition of adolescent in boarding schools isn't correct according to rational diet principles. There is the need of giving systematic training for people who are planing and realising nutrition in boarding schools, and taking up other activity mobilizating personnel for higher engagement in young people nutrition problem.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości azotanów i azotynów w całodziennych racjach pokarmowych oraz poszczególnych posiłkach podawanych pacjentom w szpitalach województwa białostockiego, jak również zawartość ww. związków w niektórych produktach bezpośrednio wchodzących w skład posiłków lub użytych do ich przygotowania. Stwierdzono, że 1/3 ocenionych całodziennych racji pokarmowych zawiera nadmierne ilości azotanów i azotynów w porównaniu z dopuszczalnym dziennym pobraniem tych związków.
EN
The aim of this study was determination of daily level intake of nitrates and nitrites in the individual meals in the daily food rations of patients from the hospitals from the province of Białystok. The studied material were meals and total diets, with regard to selected food products, which were taken to preparing the dishes. The investigation materials were taken from February to June 1996. Analysis of nitrates and nitrites contents was realized by the commonly method based on the reaction of Griess. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite on a cadmium column whereupon, it was determined colorimetrically. The daily dose of nitrates for patients of 70 kg weight to the level on 350 mg KNO3/person and nitrites on 14 mg NaNO2/person, was established according to the Expert Committee FAO/WHO recomendations that acceptable daily intake level of nitrates on 5 mg and nitrites - 0.2 mg to 1 kg body weight. In the light of these investigations it was found that main nitrates soufce in daily food rations were dinners containing red beet, while the great amount of nitrates was supplited in breakfasts and suppers with rennet maturing cheeses and sausages. From among all evaluated daily diets, 1/3 exceeded the admissible daily intake levels of nitrates and nitrites.
EN
The paper addresses the problem of reducibility of nonlinear discrete-time systems, described by implicit higher order difference equations where no a priori distinction is made between input and output variables. The reducibility definition is based on the concept of autonomous element. We prove necessary reducibility condition, presented in terms of the left submodule, generated by the row matrix, describing the behavior of the linearized system, over the ring of left difference polynomials. Then the reducibility of the system implies the closedness of the submodule, like in the linear time-invariant case. In the special case, when the variables may be specified as inputs and outputs and the system equations are Niven in the explicit form, the results of this paper yield the known results.
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