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1
Content available Problems of exhaust emissions testing from machines and mobile devices in real operating conditions
100%
Lijewski P. , Fuć P. , Markiewicz F. , Dobrzyński M.
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
tom R. 58, nr 4
292--296
EN
The article presents selected problems concerning tests of toxic exhaust emissions from engines of vehicles, mobile devices, engines used in gardening and construction works. For this group of engines, this type of testing is carried out primarily in laboratory conditions, however, variable load conditions during actual operation justify efforts to determine the level of emissions in real operating conditions. Research in real operating conditions for different engine categories becomes increasingly more standard, in this aspect, it is necessary to verify the state of knowledge and methodology in the aspect of testing engines of machines and mobile devices. The research performed by the authors was the first of this type using PEMS equipment, hence some conclusions and observations can be made from the obtained results. At present, the type approval procedures for the engine group in question do not account for emissions tests in real operating conditions, while also missing any description of a standardized research methodology. In addition, the engine group in question is not really suitable for testing in real conditions. An introduction to research aimed at developing an exhaust emission test methodology in real operating conditions of mobile device engines was included in the article.
2
Content available Road Tests of a Two-Wheeled Vehicle with the Use of Various Urban Road Infrastructure Solutions
100%
Szymlet N. , Lijewski P. , Kurc B.
Journal of Ecological Engineering
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2020
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tom Vol. 21, nr 7
152--159
EN
Road traffic is a common phenomenon in cities, and all urban road users suffer its negative effects. Therefore, the subject of this article is a comparative analysis of the exhaust emissions of toxic compounds and the operating parameters of two-wheeled vehicles measured under real operating conditions. The comparison applies to two drive cycles: in the first, the vehicle was travelling in standard city traffic (without using the bus lanes), while in the second, the vehicle travelled on bus lanes, whenever those were available. Such analysis made it possible to evaluate the ecological usefulness of bus lanes by assessing the exhaust emissions and the travel time of the test vehicle. For this purpose, an analysis of the exhaust emission values in time was performed for gaseous compounds (HC, CO, CO2, NOx) from a scooter equipped with a 125 cm3 displacement engine with a maximum power of 9 kW. The tests were carried out under real operating conditions in the city of Poznań. The route has been chosen so that it consisted of roads with a number of bus lanes. AXIONR/S+ mobile apparatus belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group was used in the research. The device is one of the most modern measuring instruments, where the entire device is a suitcase weighing only 18 kg containing two analyzers for measuring the concentrations of both gaseous and solid exhaust components.
3
Content available Emisja masy i liczby cząstek stałych z pojazdu hybrydowego w teście RDE
88%
Szymlet N. , Sokolnicka B. , Sieldecki M. , Lijewski P. , Nowak M.
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
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2019
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tom R. 20, nr 6
286--290
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza drogowej emisji liczby oraz masy cząstek stałych w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji z pojazdu hybrydowego. Co więcej, analizie poddano również warunki pracy badanego pojazdu oraz silnika. W tym celu wykonane zostały badania emisji cząstek stałych i parametrów eksploatacyjnych z lekkiego pojazdu samochodowego z napędem hybrydowym, wyposażonego w 104 kW silnik o objętości skokowej 1,58 dm3. Badania przeprowadzono w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu, przestrzegając procedury RDE (Real Driving Emission). Test wykonano na obszarze aglomeracji poznańskiej, trasa obejmowała drogi o różnych dopuszczalnych prędkościach. Do badań wykorzystano mobilną aparaturę, należącą do grupy PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System), w skład której wchodziły takie urządzenia jak: SEMTECH DS., AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) oraz EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). Uzyskane wyniki zostały odniesione do wartości dopuszczalnych emisji zgodnie ze standardem EURO 6.
EN
The subject of this article is the analysis of the particle number and mass road emission from a hybrid vehicle in real operating conditions. Additionally, the operating conditions of the tested vehicle and engine were also analyzed. To this end, particulate emissions and performance tests were carried out from a light hybrid vehicle, equipped with a 77 kW engine with a displacement of 1.58 dm3. The tests were conducted in real traffic conditions, following the standard RDE (Real Driving Emission) procedure. The test was performed within the Poznań agglomeration, the route included roads with different maximum speed limits. The research involved the use of mobile measuring equipment, belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) group, which included equipment such as: SEMTECH DS, AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) and EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). The results obtained have been referred to the vehicle exhaust emission limit values in accordance with the Euro 6 norm.
4
Content available Tests of ecological indicators of two-way vehicles meeting Stage IIIB and Stage IV standards in real operating conditions
88%
Merkisz J. , Rymaniak Ł. , Lijewski P. , Kamińska M. , Kurc B.
Pojazdy Szynowe
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2020
|
tom Nr 1
1--9
EN
The article presents the tests and analysis of ecological indicators of two rail-road tractors carried out during the real operation. The conditions of tests and vehicle constructions were characterized by the similar parameters, while the objects met the different exhaust gas emission standards: Stage IIIB and Stage IV. Apparatus from the PEMS group was used in the tests. In the analysis of ecological indicators, the unit emission of harmful gaseous compounds and particulates was determined. The supplementation is the assessment of toxicity indicators, which are the reference of individual compounds to CO2 emission. More favourable ecological characteristics were obtained by a vehicle meeting the newer exhaust gas emission standard, which resulted mainly from the use of advanced exhaust gas treatment systems in its construction.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano badania i analizę wskaźników ekologicznych dwóch ciągników szynowo-drogowych zrealizowane podczas rzeczywistej eksploatacji. Warunki testów i konstrukcje pojazdów charakteryzowały się zbliżonymi parametrami, przy czym obiekty spełniały odmienne normy emisji spalin: Stage IIIB i Stage IV. W badaniach zastosowano aparaturę z grupy PEMS. W analizie wskaźników ekologicznych wyznaczono jednostkową emisję szkodliwych związków gazowych i cząstek stałych. Uzupełnienie stanowi ocena wskaźników toksyczności, będących odniesieniem poszczególnych związków do emisji CO2. Korzystniejsze charakterystyki ekologiczne uzyskał pojazd spełniający nowszą normę emisji spalin, co wynikało przede wszystkim z zastosowania w jego konstrukcji zaawansowanych układów oczyszczania spalin.
5
Content available Comparative analysis of exhaust emissions from passenger cars and motorcycles
88%
Szymlet N. , Lijewski P. , Rymaniak Ł. , Sokolnicka B. , Siedlecki M.
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
tom R. 58, nr 2
19--22
EN
The subject of this article is a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions for: HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) from a passenger vehicle and a motorcycle in laboratory conditions on a dynamometer station. The first vehicle category was represented by a compression-ignition engine with a displacement volume of 1.3 dm3 and a power of 66 kW. The exhaust aftertreatment system included a catalytic converter and a particulate filter. The second category was a motorcycle, equipped with an engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The two-wheeled vehicle was equipped with a three-way catalytic converter. Speeds were modeled on the European type approval test - NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). In order to conduct a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from vehicles of different categories, the obtained results were presented in the form of emissions converted into passenger-kilometers (g/pkm). The research used modern equipment belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group of devices. The analyzes carried out enable the decision making on which vehicles have a greater environmental impact due to their exhaust emissions, taking into account the distance and the number of passengers carried.
6
Content available Analysis of Research Method, Results and Regulations Regarding the Exhaust Emissions from Two-Wheeled Vehicles under Actual Operating Conditions
88%
Szymlet N. , Lijewski P. , Sokolnicka B. , Siedlecki M. , Domowicz A.
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2020
|
tom Vol. 21, nr 1
128--139
EN
The subject of this article was the analysis of the current state of legislation regarding the exhaust emissions from two-wheeled vehicles. The regulations and emission limits were analyzed and compared for different areas of the world. Moreover, the review of the legal provisions includes an individual approach to specific categories of two-wheeled vehicles. The study also describes the research and exhaust emission measurement methods from mopeds and motorcycles both under laboratory conditions and in actual operation. The methods were evaluated in the aspect of future emission requirements and trends. In addition, the results of emissivity measurements under actual operating conditions obtained in the Poznań agglomeration with the use of motorcycle units were discussed and analyzed. The values of road emissions of all toxic compounds limited by legislators were compared with emission standards.
7
Content available Use of toxicity indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an two-wheel vehicle
88%
Szymlet N. , Kamińska M. , Lijewski P. , Rymaniak Ł. , Tutak P.
Combustion Engines
|
2021
|
tom R. 60, nr 4
36--41
EN
The subject of the article is proposed proprietary M toxicity indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. For this purpose, gaseous exhaust compounds such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were measured and analyzed. The test object was a motorcycle, equipped with an gasoline engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The tests were carried out using the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) AxionR/S+. The exhaust emissions measurement was done in line with the WMTC (World Motorcycles Test Cycle) certification test, dedicated to vehicles in this category. The test consists of three parts, each of them lasts 600 s and has a different maximum speed value. The test was performed on a single-roller chassis dynamometer, designed for testing two-wheeled vehicles. The toxicity indicators and rotation speed results were presented as a function of time.
8
Content available remote Analysis of harmful compounds concentrations in the exhaust behind a vehicle with compression ignition engine
75%
Kamińska M. , Szymlet N. , Fuć P. , Rymaniak Ł. , Lijewski P. , Grzeszczyk R.
Combustion Engines
|
2024
|
tom R. 63, nr 2
50--55
EN
The article presents issues related to the assessment of concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gas cloud behind a compression-ignition passenger vehicle. The introduction describes issues related to the impact of air pollution on the environment and on human health and life expectancy. The article presents exhaust gas dispersion tests behind the vehicle were carried out both in stationary conditions (a specially prepared laboratory stand) and in real operating conditions. PEMS testing equipment was used for this type of measurements. During the measurements, concentrations of harmful exhaust gas compounds were analyzed in relation to the distance of the measuring probe from the exhaust system. In stationary conditions, the influence of the engine speed on the dispersion of pollutants was also studied. The tests carried out show that the concentrations obtained behind a moving vehicle significantly decrease with the distance of the measuring probe, and their dispersion is much smaller in most cases than in the case of stationary tests. This is the basis for recognizing that thanks to this, it is possible to analyze the concentrations obtained and conduct tests using the emission gate.
9
Content available Evaluating the environmental costs in Poland of city buses meeting the Euro VI norm based on tests in real operating conditions
75%
Rymaniak Ł. , Fuć P. , Lijewski P. , Kamińska M. , Daszkiewicz P. , Ziółkowski A.
Archives of Transport
|
2019
|
tom Vol. 52, iss. 4
109--115
EN
The article analyzes the environmental costs which consisted of determining the annual cost for gases and particles released into the atmosphere by city buses meeting the Euro VI norm. To this end, exhaust emissions of a city bus equipped with a conventional drive system were performed. The vehicle had a length of 18m and was powered by a CI engine with a swept volume of 10,5 dm3, with a maximum power of 240 kW. In order to measure the ecological indicators, tests were performed in real driving conditions using the PEMS system. The apparatus made it possible to measure the concentration of gaseous compounds and particulate matter in the exhaust, which made it possible to determine the road exhaust emissions of the tested vehicle. The research was carried out on a test route including urban and suburban roads in accordance with legislative guidelines. The measurements showed that the bus met the exhaust emission limits determined on the basis of measuring windows defined in relation to the work generated by the drive system. In addition to information on the emissivity of the vehicle, the annual emissions from city buses meeting the Euro VI standard in Poland were also estimated. The information contained in the central vehicle register for the number of vehicles registered in Poland that meet the latest emission standards has been used for this purpose.
10
Content available remote Impact of using a filter in a direct gasoline injection engine exhaust system on the emitted particle mass and numer
75%
Fuć P. , Lijewski P. , Sokolnicka B. , Szymlet N. , Siedlecki M. , Dębowski T.
Journal of KONBiN
|
2020
|
tom Vol. 50, iss. 1
61--76
EN
The article presents emission test results comparison carried out on a dynamic engine dynamometer. Parameters were recorded during a drive made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE. Test bench allowed to determine the particle mass and number emission in the repetitive engine operation conditions. One of three used elements wan an OEM solution from one of particulate filters producers, the other was intended for use in original systems, the third was a custom product. The highest efficiency of particulate filtration was demonstrated by the last filter, which was adapted to the engine.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wyników badań przeprowadzonych na dynamicznej hamowni silnikowej. Parametry zarejestrowano podczas przejazdu zgodnego z wymaganiami procedury RDE (Real Driving Emissions). Wykorzystanie stanowiska badawczego umożliwiło określenie emisji masy i liczby cząstek stałych w powtarzalnych warunkach eksploatacji. Do badań wykorzystano trzy elementy, z czego jeden stanowił rozwiązanie OEM, drugi również przeznaczony był do wykorzystania w oryginalnych układach, trzeci stanowił produkt własny. Największą skuteczność filtracji wykazał filtr ostatni, który dostosowany został do specyfiki i warunków pracy silnika.
11
Content available Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle
63%
Ziółkowski A. , Fuć P. , Lijewski P. , Rymaniak Ł. , Daszkiewicz P. , Kamińska M. , Szymlet N. , Jagielski A.
Combustion Engines
|
2020
|
tom R. 59, nr 3
54--58
EN
Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.
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