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2006
|
nr 2(150)
66-77
EN
The article attempts to evaluate the rationale, for a joint or separate analysis of both types of migration in the European Union. First the author examines different types of migration barriers, reaching the conclusion, that since the countries' policies regulate the possibility of border crossing for its' own citizens and for foreigners, therefore in the international migration analysis the economic, social and psychological barriers are secondary to administrative and -political barriers. Next, the author discusses the ongoing integration process of EU countries in the area of standardization of both internal and international migration, in the context of legal regulations and their practical effects on the population flows between the EU countries. He concedes that, internal and international migrations within the EU may be treated with identical principles and analysed jointly. The following review of migration studies, supports further the view, that a dogmatic clinging to the distinction between internal and international migrations is in many cases unjustified. The author, however, does not rule out the possibility of the existence of such areas of migration research, in which separate examination of both migration categories makes sense, with regard to the existence of important institutional and political barriers.
EN
The European Union countries have witnessed increasing importance of migration for years, while contribution of natural increase to population change has visibly diminished. This poses a great pressure on migration research. In particular, searching for migration determinants becomes more and more important. In the years 1986-1994, EU12 constituted a relatively stable group of countries, thus investigation of possible migration determinants for these countries could deliver promising results. Data published by Eurostat and data from national statistical institutes of individual countries, supplemented by estimates based on numerous theories and empirical evidence, constitute a basis for the analysis of migration determinants for NUTS 2 regions. Assuming that internal and international flows of migration are undertaken simultaneously, regression analysis is used to indentify the impact of carefully selected independent variables. The regression results show that economic variables, typical for migration studies, do not play an important role in determining migration, while general measures of the standard of living (number of cars per 1000 and household energy consumption), along with population density and long-term unemployment rate, explain net migrations at a satisfactory level. However, regressions run for selected countries allow for better explanation of net migration by variables considered. These results suggest that migration determinants vary between the EU12 countries and further research is needed, on factors affecting migration, in particular by referring to spatial and temporal integration of migration flows.
PL
Wzrost i rozwój plantacji roślin proenergetycznych jest procesem przetwarzania energii słońca. W związku z tym, ważnym staje się włączenie w badane modele procesów produkcyjnych, bloków bilansu promieniowania słonecznego. Dynamika składowych strumienia promieniowania słonecznego w ciągu okresu wegetacyjnego pokazuje stały ich wzrost. Okres od połowy maja do końca lipca charakteryzuje się znacznym wzrostem gęstości strumienia promieniowania słonecznego. Od początku sierpnia do końca okresu wegetacyjnego charakterystycznym jest stałe zmniejszenie strumienia promieniowania słonecznego oraz jego integralnej części - fotosyntetycznie aktywnej radiacji (ang. Photosynthetic Active Radiation - PAR).
EN
Growth and development of plantations with proenergetic plants indicates the process of solar energy conversion. Considering this, it is important to include solar radiation balance blocks in the examined models of production processes. The dynamics of solar radiation flux components during the vegetation season shows their constant growth. The period from mid May until the end of July is characterised by considerable increase in solar radiation flux density. Constant reduction of solar radiation flux and its integral part - Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) is characteristic from the beginning of August until the end of vegetation season.
PL
W artykule opisano zastosowania dydaktyczne prostego chromatografu gazowego, specjalnie opracowanego i zbudowanego do tych celów. Pozwala on na zapoznanie studentów chemii analitycznej z podstawowymi koncepcjami chromatografii a równocześnie prowadzenie ćwiczeń z elementami zaawansowanej metrologii chemicznej. W artykule przedstawiono zasady, jakimi kierowano się przy projektowaniu i budowie aparatu, a także ćwiczenie z bardziej zaawansowanych zagadnień analizy instrumentalnej, do jakich należą kwestie metrologii chemicznej (m.in. wyznaczanie granicy wykrywalności i granicy oznaczalności).
EN
The paper presents a new design of a gas chromatograph, designed and built especially for teaching purposes. It permits the students not only to discover the basic concepts of gas chromatography but also to carry our more sophisticated exercises in chemical metrology, like estimation of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and measuring range.
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