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lonospheris research facilities have been in continuous use since the 1970’s to investigate fundamental physics principles which govern the earth’s ionosphere, so that present and future transmission technologies may take into account the complexities of the ionosphere. Interest in the ionosphere is not limited to the US, but what sets HAARP (High Frequency Active Research Program) apart from existing facilities is the unusual combination of research tool which provides electronic beam steering, wide frequency coverage and high effective radiated power collocated with a divers suite of scientific observational instruments. Technical expertise and procurement services as required for management, admin and evaluation of the program are being provided cooperatively by the UA Air Force (Air Force Research Laboratory) and US Navy (Office for Naval Research and Naval Research Laboratory). The HAARP Interactive Ionospheric Research Observatory is a major Arctic fa-cility for the study upper atmospheric and solar-terrestrial physics and for Radio Science and Communicatione research. The site is being developed in a manner such that scientific results can be obtained early in the program and increase in quality and quantity as development progresses.
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Content available remote Wiązkowa broń energetyczna
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Scientific and research potential allows introducing cluster energetic weapon and its most technically advanced forms into the armed forces’ armament. The means to carry this kind of weapon may be combat satellites (space platforms), aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, rockets, bombs, artillery ammunition, grenades and also army mobile vehicles, vessels and submarines. Cluster weapon charges, using the electromagnetic impulse, are a selective weapon enabling to destroy or temporarily switch off electrical or electronic devices. All the more so as almost all computer and communication systems that create the basis of a state and military infrastructure are based on conductors and circuits that are sensitive to electromagnetic impulse. It destroys, damages or turns off electrical and electronic equipment on a relatively large area as compared with fragmentation bombs. Therefore cluster weapon is often treated as mass destruction weapon of electrical and electronic objects. It is expected that the importance of cluster weapon will grow.
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Content available remote Reforma Bundeswehry w świetle niemieckich raportów polityczno-wojskowych. Cz. 3
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On 23 May 2000, the commission headed by the former president of Germany Richard von Weizsäker presented the results of its activities in a 170-page report entitled “Common Security and the Future of Bundeswehre”. This publication was divided in four chapters dedicated to the renewal from the basis, common security, the future of Bundeswehre and reform’s budgetary conditions. Moreover this study contains sub-chapters dealing with the issues of threats and interests, European imperative, tasks and their consequences, military service and personnel reform, command, armed forces and administration, armament and equipment of Bundeswehre as a company. This report includes 3 appendices and 13 annexes in the form of charts, diagrams and figures. In order to enable the federal government to accomplish tasks of Bundeswehre’s reform, the commission recommended such measures as: directing the armed forces structure to the most probable tasks in crisis handling and prevention which will allow fulfilling national and allied requirements and meeting international commitments; reorganisation of the armed forces in order to achieve operational forces of 140 000 soldiers which correspond to their engagement in the Alliance; reduction of the armed forces to 240 000 soldiers in peacetime, including 30 000 10-month service conscripts; maintaining the potential enabling deploying 300 000 soldiers in wartime and 100 000 reservists; reduction the number of civilian personnel to about 80 000 posts together with limiting their tasks, services, garrisons and bases; equal rights for soldiers regardless the sex; developing and strengthening the “Innere Fuhrung” concept, stressing the role of conscience and convictions for the soldier’s morale.
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Content available remote Reforma Bundeswehry w świetle niemieckich raportów polityczno-wojskowych. Cz. 2
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On April 27, 2000, the military leadership of Bundeswehre presented a document concerning a conceptual and planning development of the German armed forces to the German minister of defence. The document included: the bases of German military and security policy to develop a new model of the armed forces; a new profile of German Armed Forces' capabilities and readiness that embraced a spectrum of Bundeswehre tasks and obligations resulting from the Alliance obligations; a new Armed Forces’ model – future organisational, command and personnel structures and a range of the equipment and ordinance modernisation. Serious changes of the Armed Forces command structures were proposed. The points concerning financing and transitional period tasks are still being developed. The document provides for the Armed Forces personnel reductions to 290 000 soldiers by 2010. That number consists of: 202 000 professional and long-term military service soldiers; 84 500 conscripts; the compulsory military service will be reduced to 9 months (now 10); 3500 posts assigned to train reserve soldiers. Particular Armed Forces services would have the following number of soldiers: 196 400 – land forces; 68 000 – air force; 25 900 – navy.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wybrane elementy procesów utrzymania i eksploatacji grupy transformatorów mocy 250 i 160 MVA, o przekładniach napięciowych 220/110 kV oraz 400/220 i 400/110 kV. Jednostki o zróżnicowanych wiekowo parametrach i konstrukcjach pracują w południowej części polskiego KSE. Zwrócono uwagę na zależność intensywności monitorowania parametrów, zwłaszcza diagnostyki DGA, od wieku konstrukcji konkludując, że im młodsze jednostki, tym zapasy konstrukcyjne mniejsze, a więc rosnąca celowość częstszego monitorowania.
EN
Presented are selected elements of a group of 250 and 160 MVA (voltage ratio: 220/110 kV as well as 400/220 and 400/110 kV) transformers maintenance and operation processes. The units, which have various age and constructional parameters, work in the southern part of the Polish power system. Attention is turned to the dependence of parameters monitoring intensity (especially of DGA diagnostics) on the construction age with the conclusion that the younger the units, the smaller constructional margins, thus the growing purposefulness of more often monitoring.
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