Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Contribution Of The Poles Into The Research On The History Of European Diplomacy (18th Century)

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Kurkowski J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 3-4

105-124

EN

The basis of these considerations are editions of sources of the international law as well as reviews of the history of European diplomacy in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century - particularly the work of the famous Martens family (especially Georg Friedrich von Martens), of Johann Ludwig Kluber, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompted, Karl Albert von Kamptz etc. The evaluation of Polish achievements in the 18th century presented in these publications is very positive, although the compilation of main editions from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is far from complete. Editorial projects of Konarski, Dogiel, Skrzetuski, Obermajer, Jezierski or Siarczyński are a manifestation of a certain specific "documentary" tendency in the Polish literature of this period. In order to explain this certain characteristics of the 18th century culture, visible mostly during the reign of Augustus III and King Stanislaw Augustus, including the controversy surrounding the first partition (with a slight revival during the Great Sejm), one has to appeal to a variety of phenomena associated with the elite of the educated and active in public life personages, represented by a group of patrons, editorial and publishing groups or a list of subscribers of the greatest editorial projects of the period, with Volumina Legum at the forefront. First of all, one has to consider the political context of the phenomenon. Awareness of the crisis of the gentry state exhorted to seek solutions, primarily as part of the "eternal" order: to support institutions on proven and sustainable basis, to restore the good old customs, laws, virtues and long forgotten civic attitudes. There appeared a need for recapitulation - a need for a full, systematic and reliable description of the present, and especially of gathering and organizing the knowledge about the state of the country and of its institutions. A special assignment in systematization, rationalization and restoration of the reality was allocated to history and to the public law - in the Republic of Poland, as in the Reich having the character of "historical right", based on a continuous, uninterrupted tradition. No wonder that one of the basic features of historical and legal retrospection of the time of Augustus III is the timeliness of topics and the focus on their formal and legal sides, which further obliterated boundaries between history and politics. In the explanations for this "documentary" tendency, one must also take into account the intellectual climate of the period, and especially pay attention to the scholarly pattern of humanities with its main slogan "sources and facts should speak for themselves." The impact of the idea of "the republic of science" on the intellectual life of the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian state reached its apogee in the era of union with Saxony and during the reign of Stanislaw Leszczyński in Lorraine. In the world of scholars, editing sources constitute a specific form of historical writing, which in the Republic was also connected with some journalistic functions, as is exemplified by its surprising popularity in the mid-18th century Dzieje w Koronie Polskiej by Łukasz Górnicki, related to the timeliness of the Republic’s rights towards the Duchy of Livonia. Another, no less important than the current political issues, explanatory part, are the educational issues, especially the currently developing education form the elite, as is clearly evident in the curriculum in the standard facilities of the Piarist and Jesuit Orders. Moreover, international affairs increasingly occupied the public opinion stimulated by new means of social communication, especially by newspapers. In Europe of the 18th century, the subject of dispute at the highest levels of power, between main political camps, were usually different concepts of external actions, whereas in the Polish-Lithuanian state, after the foundation of great factions, each of which claimed to be entitled to pursue its own foreign policy. After the partition of the Republic, the journalistic and political contexts of Polish editing of historical sources did not disappeared entirely, as evidence in the form of publications by Leonard Chodźka shows. One may risk saying that this ever-present up to this day current in Polish political and historical thought referring in the international affairs primarily to legal and ethical arguments, has its beginnings in the literature of the 18th century.

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Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Część I: do pierwszego rozbioru

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Kurkowski J.

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

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2015

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nr 9

199-240

EN

The author undertakes to characterise the image of Russia in the Polish literaturę of the era of King Stanisław Poniatowski (including editorial projects, which actually never came to fruition). The article brings the story to the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772). Interest in the history of the mighty neighbour, who markedly infl uenced the course of political events in the Commonwealth, can be noticed as early as during the reign of King Augustus III. It accompanied the tendency to widen the scope of the view of the surrounding world brought in by the erudite historiography in the editorial programme of the Załuski Library (opened to the public in 1747). This in turn explains the interest in primary sources, bibliography, chronology, and the history of Russia itself. However, the results of these interests seem modest. The majority of the works that appeared were based on popular French literature. The Polish authors made little effort to use their superior knowledge of the Ruthenian world amalgamated with the fabric of the Commonwealth (language, Eastern Christianity, customs). Instead, they preferred to keep to the French compilations, copy or adapt their views, patterns, and evaluations, even if they were conscious of the structural fallacies of such historiography. The other thing evident in the analysed writings is the presence of the negative stereotype of the “Muscovite”. This stereotype appeared in the Commonwealth not later than during the XVII century.

PL

Celem badawczym jest charakterystyka obrazu dziejów Rosji w polskim piśmiennictwie epoki stanisławowskiej (z uwzględnieniem niezrealizowanych ostatecznie inicjatyw wydawniczych). Artykuł obejmuje okres do I rozbioru polsko- litewskiego państwa (1772). Zainteresowanie dziejami potężnego sąsiada, wpływającego w istotny sposób na bieg wydarzeń w Rzeczpospolitej, ujawnia się już w czasach panowania Augusta III wraz z dążeniem do poszerzenia oglądu świata i startem opartego na wzorcach historiografii erudycyjnej programu edytorskiego Biblioteki Załuskich (otwartej dla publiczności w 1747 r.). Te wzorce objaśniają zainteresowanie kwestią źródeł do historii Rosji, bibliografii przedmiotowej, chronologii, faktografii. Osiągnięcia okazują się jednak dość skromne, bowiem podstawę wiedzy o historii Rosji stanowiła głownie popularna literatura francuskojęzyczna. Autorzy polscy nie starają się wykorzystać swej lepszej znajomości wtopionego w przestrzeń kulturową Rzeczypospolitej „ruskiego” świata (języka, prawosławia, obyczajów). Wolą korzystać z dorobku francuskich kompilatorów, powielać lub adaptować ich ujęcia, schematy i oceny, nawet ze świadomością strukturalnych wad tego dziejopisarstwa. W analizowanym piśmiennictwie można dostrzec też wpływ ugruntowanego w Rzeczypospolitej przynajmniej od XVII w. negatywnego stereotypu „Moskala”.

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Europejskie edytorstwo źródeł historycznych w XVII-XVIII w. : próba wstępnej charakterystyki zjawiska

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Kurkowski J.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2012

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tom 21

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nr 1-2(40-41)

51-121

EN

The aim of this study is general description of European publishing of historical and historicallegal sources (excluding editions of ancient texts) of the 17th and 18th centuries. It was a phenomenon of grand scope, both in stricte quantitative and spatial sense. Old source publications also give the opportunity to consider a variety of research problems. Explosion of publications of this type occurred between 1650-1750, and lasted until decline of ancien régime. It took place in countries beyond France, England, Reich and Italy. A large collection of editions and works on sources, forming an intricate, tightly connected structure, which functioned as a foundation of former historical knowledge, is an undervalued and poorly recognized category of sources of the history of culture - especially when we think about more daring analytical research and comparative studies, in front of which in the time of digitalization incomparably bigger opportunities unfold. This promising category, although laborious, requires using multi-levelled sequences of historical transmission and reaching beyond the horizon of issues already known, incidental, concerning the biggest editions and leading centres. The starting point for such investigation should be the strenuous and prolonged process of transmission of source texts through print, tied to the accumulation of heuristic and factographic knowledge and working skills, as well as to gradual deepening of methodological reflection, broadening of the scope and expansion of functions of modern historiography. Thus said, successive, intermediate stages of this transmission are brought to the forefront - old editions of sources, long forgotten and withdrawn from the scientific circulation. Comprehensive exploration of these editions, directed to solve problems and allowing for discussing different contexts will definitely make it possible to reveal new, unknown face of old intellectual culture. Panorama of the European publishing of the 17th and 18th centuries, because of enormity of substance and research threads, should be limited to basic issues. The key to this retrospection are lists of scholars and biographers of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries, Johann Christoph Gatterer, Friedrich von Martens, Adolf Asher and August Potthast - who perceived that phenomenon from the perspective of the „time of change" - birth of modern, already scholarly publishing. Review of source editions of the epoch, their thematic and chronological scope, content structure and the construction of the editorial commentary serves to reflect on the question of function, methods and forms of two currents of publishing (publishing of narrative sources and sources of acts, documents) in the pre-revolutionary times, to characterize the circle of editors, patrons and addressees of publications, as well as main publishing centers. But first of all, it serves to present the relation between publishing of historical sources with intellectual trends of the 17th and 18th centuries and with political, religious and social problems of the time.

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Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Część II: „Recherches sur les titres... ” Feliksa Łoyki

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Kurkowski J.

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

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2017

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nr 11

109-134

EN

The article contains analysis of Feliks Łoyko’s thesis (1717-1779) „Recherches sur les titres portés en différents tems par les souverains de Russie et de Moscovie” (manuscript preserved at the Czartoryski Library in Kraków, No. 1118). Łoyko’s text was mainly an attempt to complete and elaborate Martin Schmeizel’s concept (1679-1747), and also of Karol Wyrwicz (1717-1793), although preliminary research did not enable him to significantly deepen nor formulate anew all the discussed topics. The unfinished writings of Łoyko are probably a working version of the text conceived as a polemic brochure, prepared in stages (from app. 1768 to app. 1772), a brochure which was tightly connected with the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic at that time. Łoyko’s source-based deliberations are an element of a whole sequence of publishing initiatives that began already in the 40s of the 18th century and which referred to a scientific programme announced by Józef Andrzej Załuski in the brochure Programma Literarium... (Warsaw 1732).