This study examined the validity of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised (WAIS-R) for the assessment of neurocognitive changes and their relationships with quality of life in HIV seropositive men. It was of interest to determine the sensitivity of additional performance parameters (the time of completion) for the identification of HIV-related cognitive deficit. Results indicated a progressive increase in the prevalence of HIV+ subjects with neuropsychological impairment. The most severe deficits in HIV+ groups were observed on Performance WAIS-R subtests and one Verbal subtest (Vocabulary). The scores on the Performance Intelligence Quotient were significantly correlated with several areas of daily function measured by the Sickness Impact Profile. The findings were comparable to the data demonstrated in previous investigations, some of which included extensive batteries of neuropsychological tests. Thus, the WAIS-R may be effective in some clinical or experimental settings, as a brief, yet relatively comprehensive evaluation of the cognitive deficits associated with HIV infection.
The aim of the article was to present the methods for training Thoroughbred horses used at the Służewiec Racetrack in Warsaw. The horses begin training at the age of about 18 months and compete from the age of two years. What distinguishes training of a 2-year-old horse is that its capabilities cannot be fully exploited if we consider the future development of its racing career in a comprehensive manner. Training of a three-year-old horse involves longer distances and takes the form of even, fairly fast canters over the entire distance covered. The principle used in training 4-year-old and older horses is to maintain the animal’s condition from the previous season and to counteract fatigue. There is no single prescription or training method and there are no ideal conditions for training a horse. The racehorse trainer’s tool remains the basic principles of training: individualized development, progressive increase of the workload, regularity, specificity, overload and restoration, and cyclicality.